“Unlawful acts”, “dishonest words” and “foul touching”: the confessional under surveillance (Minas Gerais, eighteenth century)
Rev. Cadernos de Campo, Araraquara, v. 24, n. esp. 1, e024006, 2024. e-ISSN: 2359-2419
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47284/cdc.v24iesp.1.18103 12
In the Constituições Primeiras of the Archdiocese of Bahia (Vide, 2007), the Sacrament
of Penance was defined as:
A second plank after the shipwreck: because as soon as a baptized man
shipwrecks due to mortal sin, losing the grace of God received in Baptism, no
other remedy remains for salvation in this shipwreck than the plank of the
Sacrament of Penance, by fully confessing his sins with sorrow to the
legitimate Minister, and by this means obtaining their absolution (Vide, 2007,
book I, title 33, p. 59, our translation).
There is also the confirmation of the power given to the minister of the Sacrament by
Christ Himself, when, after His resurrection, He "communicated to the Disciples the Holy
Spirit, giving them the power (and through them, to all future priests) to absolve all sins" (Vide,
2007, book I, title 33, p. 59, our translation). To exercise such ministry, the priest had to possess
a license, and to confess to women, he had to be over 40 years old, possess a license after
examination by scholars, and be approved only if he had studied Theology or Canon Law. To
this end, priests were inquired about their lineage, life, and conduct. If deemed fit after such
inquiries, the license was granted for one year (Vide, 2007). The Constitutions also provided
the following warning: confessors should consider that, in this act, they represent "the person
of Christ Our Lord: and that they are constituted by Him as Ministers of Divine Justice and
Mercy, so that, as arbitrators between God and men, they attend both to the honor of God and
the salvation of souls" (Vide, 2007, book I, title 42, p. 77, our translation).
The Constitutions (Vide, 2007) further stipulated that confessors should avoid
"occasions for new sins" in the confessional. For example, when penitents failed to disclose the
number, nature, and circumstances of their sins—necessary for a good confession—the
confessor should prudently ask and examine without indulging in curious or indiscreet
questions, particularly in the confessions of young individuals, whether men or women.
The Constitutions also addressed concerns about the confessional's location, specifying
that it should be placed in public areas within the church. When the penitents were women, it
was expressly stated that confessions should never take place in "the choir, sacristy, chapels,
tribunes, or baptistery, or any other secluded place". Moreover, if there were many people
waiting for confession, men were to confess wherever possible, reserving the confessionals for
women (Vide, 2007, book I, title 43, p. 79, our translation).
According to Lima (2004), the administration of the Eucharist became a tool of power
in the hands of the emerging clergy. After all, the suspension of access to communion could
signify exclusion from the community for the Christian. Thus, mandatory Confession during