SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ARCHITECTURAL EPONYMIC TERMS

CARACTERÍSTICAS SEMÂNTICAS DOS TERMOS EPONÍMICOS

ARQUITETÔNICOS

CARACTERÍSTICAS SEMÁNTICAS DE LOS TÉRMINOS EPÓNIMOS

ARQUITECTÓNICOS

Zergul SEIDAKHMETOVA

Tatyana TIMOKHINA

Saule TAZHIBAYEVA

Ainur KISHENOVA

ABSTRACT: The study is aimed at a complex analysis of cognitive factors that influence the

meaning and functional features of the eponym. To determine the specific characteristics of

eponymic terms, the authors carry out a diachronic analysis of eponymic vocabulary and

analyze the evolutionary changes in the components of the term. The authors establish the

significance of the influence that ideosemantics of proper nouns has over the meaning and

functioning of terminological units and the sources of proper nouns. In linguistics, eponym

means a terminological word combination where a proper noun is a component. It can be

concluded that terms stem also from geographical names, mythological and biblical characters.

KEYWORDS: Architectural terminology. Semantics. Terminoelement. Anthroponym.

Toponym.

RESUMO: O estudo visa uma análise complexa dos fatores cognitivos que influenciam o

significado e as características funcionais do epônimo. Para determinar as características

específicas dos termos eponímicos, os autores realizam uma análise diacrônica do vocabulário

eponímico e analisam as mudanças evolutivas nos componentes do termo. Os autores

estabelecem o significado da influência que a ideosmântica dos nomes próprios tem sobre o

significado e o funcionamento das unidades terminológicas e das fontes dos nomes próprios.

Em linguística, epônimo significa uma combinação de palavras terminológicas na qual um

nome próprio é um componente. Pode-se concluir que os termos derivam também de nomes

geográficos, personagens mitológicos e bíblicos.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Terminologia arquitetônica. Semântica. Elemento terminal.

Antropônimo. Topônimo.

Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-6846. E-

mail: szergul@bk.ru

Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3709-0858. E-

mail: tanyushtv16@mail.ru

Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4362-4740. E-

mail: tazhibaevas66@mail.ru

Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7099-6910. E-

mail: ainur18.10@mail.ru

RESUMEN: El estudio está dirigido a un análisis complejo de los factores cognitivos que

influyen en el significado y las características funcionales del epónimo. Para determinar las

características específicas de los términos epónimos, los autores realizan un análisis

diacrónico del vocabulario epónimo y analizan los cambios evolutivos en los componentes del

término. Los autores establecen la importancia de la influencia que tiene la ideosemántica de

los nombres propios sobre el significado y funcionamiento de las unidades terminológicas y

las fuentes de los nombres propios. En lingüística, epónimo significa una combinación

terminológica de palabras donde un nombre propio es un componente. Se puede concluir que

los términos derivan también de nombres geográficos, personajes mitológicos y bíblicos.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Terminología arquitectónica. Semántica. Elemento de término.

antropónimo. Topónimo.

Introduction

The questions of the functioning of architectural eponymic terms in the terminological

system, the issues of their classification and systematization are relevant today. The analysis of

the trend of architectural terms is significant as it allows one to identify the common and

specific traits of the formation and functioning of eponymic terms and is an important factor

both for language in general and for the understanding of term formation.

Comprehensive analysis of cognitive factors that influence the meaning and functional

features of an eponym is of interest to researchers. To determine the specific characteristics of

eponymic terms, researchers perform a diachronic analysis of eponymic vocabulary and study

the evolution of the components of the term, identify the sources of proper nouns, establish the

significance of the influence that ideosemantics of proper nouns has over the meaning and

functioning of terminological units.

Such analysis of terms and terminological systems is carried out through the method of

complex analysis, the diachronic description of vocabulary with the application of comparative

and historical analysis, the method of correlation of linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the

techniques of classificational, structural and semantic, and motivational analysis.

Architectural vocabulary reflects one of the most ancient areas of knowledge that is an

integral part of human experience. Throughout the history of architectural vocabulary, the

names of architectural structures have been monuments of human civilization. From time

immemorial, buildings determined the conditions of human life and work, being not only the

place where one stayed but also an integral factor in the formation of one's worldview and world

outlook, qualities that directly influenced the individual's creative activity and the pace of

progress.

At present, terminology is an essential lexical and phraseological layer of the language

of science which is used in the professional and work-related activities of people. The area of

application of the terms is limited to the framework of the science that the terms serve. This, in

turn, gives certain features to the terminology, affects the term and lies in the fact that the term

should be used in its highly specialized term system, unlike other lexical units. Moreover, the

term reveals its structural, semantic and functional features.

In this article, we examine the problem of eponymic architectural terms as part of a

professional linguistic worldview. The interest in this category of vocabulary is primarily

determined by the fact that proper nouns "not only have specific national and cultural features

but are also associated with the perception of the world and reflect its cognition in a certain

way". The eponymic terms formed through proper nouns are a layer of vocabulary that is of

great interest in terms of studying anthropocentric cognitive processes inherent in all stages of

the architecture development.

The relevance of the study is determined by the trend for a constant increase in the

volume of terminological vocabulary, the views on the nature of the term that have lately

changed and the need to describe and analyze architectural terminological units formed based

on proper nouns from the standpoint of cognitive terminology. A detailed typology of eponyms,

identification of common terminological features while considering linguistic characteristics

will facilitate interlanguage coordination and ensure comparability of architectural

terminological vocabulary which will simplify the exchange of scientific information that is

essential to the process of professional communication.

The object of the study is architectural terminological units formed based on proper

nouns.

The subject of the research is the status, functional features, and cognitive potential of

architectural eponyms.

Terminological units formed based on proper nouns represent a very special class of

vocabulary. Among terminological units, eponymic terms hold a special place. In linguistics,

an eponym means a terminological word combination, one of the components of which is a

proper noun. V.M. Leichik (2009, p. 75) defines eponymic terms as "the terms the structural

elements of which are proper nouns that either denote the authors of the corresponding objects,

phenomena, units of measurement or are assigned in honor of famous scientific and cultural

figures (commemorative terms)" and notes the impossibility of explaining the meaning of these

terms within the framework of the theory that describes the corresponding field of knowledge

or activity.

Literature review

The main sources of selection of lexical material and the subsequent analysis were: 1)

English-Russian and Russian-English translation dictionaries of common vocabulary

(KAKZANOVA, 2015; PARTINA, 2001; SOGOYAN, 1999), and the Dictionary and

reference book "The history of eponyms. 300 stories of word origin" (BLAU, 2010); 2) English

thesaurus of architectural vocabulary "A Dictionary of Architecture" and "Аrt and Architecture

Thesaurus" (PEVSNER, 1975). To determine the etymology and the time when Russian terms

were fixated, etymological and historical dictionaries of the Russian language were used

(PLUZHNIKOV, 1995).

Eponyms are described in some researchers' works: N.I. Goncharov (2009) created the

first illustrated dictionary of eponyms and morphology; M.G. Blau (2010) a dictionary on the

origin of eponyms that are used in many areas of today's life; E.M. Kakzanova (2015) - the first

trilingual dictionary of eponyms (Russian, English and German); S.Y. Kavtaradze (2019)

conducted a comprehensive study of the anatomy of architecture (about logic, form and

meaning); about linguistic and extralinguistic features of the English-language terminology of

eponyms.

However, the works of these authors address the problems of eponymic terms certain

terminological system of different languages or some particular aspects. The comprehensive

view of eponymic terms, considering all the diversity of this phenomenon, is still in its infancy.

Despite the underdevelopment of the topic of our article, we will give a brief overview

of the available works. T. A. Maikova (2017), L. S. Efremova (2017), I. A. Shuytseva, E. V.

Kerber (2017), T. F. Izvekova, E. V. Grishchenko, S. N. Guseva, G. A. Savvateeva (2013) and

others devoted their works to the study of terms containing anthroponyms that represent a

potential source of nominatively significant terms formation. N.V. Novinskaya (2004), E.A.

Zyuzina (2006), these scholars kept under review the problems of the structural and

grammatical characteristics of eponymous terms, the semantics of anthroponyms in the term,

the historical and etymological aspect, questions of paradigmatic phenomena in eponymous

names (O.B. Ivanova, N.M. Dyakonov). Notably, metaphor as a figurative way of human

thinking is productively used in term formation; today there is an independent concept of

terminological metaphor functions in specific texts of different branches of knowledge. D.Z.

Gainutdinova (2012), M.A. Simonenko (2009) analyze semantic derivation, lexicographic

fixation of metaphor terms, the paradigmatic aspect in metaphorical terminology, using

structural and semantic approaches.

In recent decades, the terminological system as an indicator of cultural competence has

been actively functioning in the speech of a modern educated person, and this situation served

as the subject of research in the issues of determinologization and desemantization. Noting the

constant interaction between terminological and general literary vocabulary, A.A. Makarova

(2007), G.S. Lubozheva (2006), Y.V. Akinin (2010) analyze the process of determining

linguistic units, extralinguistic factors of the transition of terms into general use. Thus, A.A.

Makarova identifies two stages of the transition of terminological units into common

vocabulary - despecialization and determinologization. Determinologization is most often

noted in pedagogical, economic, computer terminological systems, which is explained by large-

scale transformations, the active functioning of professional vocabulary, and the strong

involvement of speaking subjects in the relevant areas.

The origin of terms, the historical development of sciences and modern integrational

international contacts contribute to the study of terminological systems in a comparative sense,

most often Russian and English languages are analyzed.

In the context of the modern scientific paradigm, the linguistic analysis of eponymous

terms in the linguoculturological and cognitive terms deserves special attention, since they

succinctly reflect the anthropocentric picture of the world, imprinting the historical memory of

humanity. The description of the linguoculturological features of the terms is given in the works

of G.S. Dorzhieva (2017), E.M. Kakzanova (2011), L.A. Chernyshova (2010), R.R. Iseev

(2013), E.V. Varnavskaya (2019), A. White (2007). All these issues are considered on the

material of different language systems and represent different scientific areas (economics,

philosophy, physics, sociology, medicine etc.). Interestingly today, the issue of the

disadvantages and advantages of medical eponymous terminology is being discussed,

arguments for and against eponymous terms are presented. Since the terminological system is

historically formed and used by speakers of different languages, the questions of systemic

adaptation arise, ways of translating multicomponent terms in the construction sector. Private

studies include the following: methods of compression of the derivational structure of

terminological. Defining terminological information as “conceptual (semantic) information

having a sign (linguistic) nature”, M.N. Volodina considers the problem of information capacity

of a word-term.

The research of the terminological system in sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, cognitive

aspects seems promising. It seems that the study of the term as a reflection of the scientific

picture of the world will also be interesting and promising. V.F. Novodranova (1998) writes

“by consolidating the information received by a person, the term itself becomes an instrument

of cognition, since it makes it possible to generalize scientific facts, multiply knowledge and

pass it on to future generations”.

Hypotheses

It should be expected that eponymic terms that reflect the evolution of architectural

cognition and comprise a significant part of the terminological system, contribute to the

generation of new meanings in the professional linguistic worldview.

It is assumed that proper nouns make every terminological unit unique through the

individualizing function which results in the wide variety of common vocabulary under the

influence of general cultural values.

Methods

To solve the tasks and achieve the goal of the study, the following methods and

approaches were used to process and describe the material under study:

1) the corpus method was utilized to compile the terminological corpus, confirm the

functioning of the eponymic term, identify new metaphoric eponymic terms previously not

featured in lexicographic sources;

2) the continuous sampling method was used to create the corpus of terminological units;

3) the definitional method was used to analyze and synthesize the meanings of

terminological units and their Dictionary representations;

4) the componential analysis method was used to determine the macro componential

semantics of the meaning of the derivational base and the eponymic term in each of the

languages, as well as for the comparison of the units of Russian, Greek, French, and English to

determine interlinguistic equivalents;

5) the method of eponymic/metaphorical modeling was utilized to establish the area-

source of formation of eponymic/metaphorical terms;

6) the distributive/valency method was used to determine the phrase-forming

productivity of main and subordinate components expressed by metaphors/non-metaphors,

eponyms/non-eponyms;

7) the elements of the statistical method were used to calculate the number of units

within different groups and subgroups during the comparison of the studied material;

8) the diachronic description of vocabulary with the application of comparative and

historical analysis was used during the comparative and contrasting semantic analysis. The

analysis was carried out by choosing the eponymic term on the condition that it was borrowed

from other languages and considering all its semantic content that allows to better understand

linguistic nature of the eponymic term, determine how typical the direct borrowing of the term

as a lexical unit is, and in which cases the term in the Russian language is created based on the

principle of "semantic reinterpretation". Is the eponymic term a linguistic unit within a

particular terminological system or is it an interdisciplinary element?

The variety of research methods is explained, on the one hand, by the complexity of the

research object and, on the other hand, by the lack of a universal method suitable for

scientifically reliable solutions to various problems posed by terminology science.

We rely on a comprehensive analysis of eponyms and the method of continuous

sampling that was carried out in 2019 that determined the structural and motivational features

that distinguish these terms. We found that the eponym "is a single cognitive complex, and the

proper noun in the term is an important component of its cognitive layer and contributes to the

generation of new meanings in the professional linguistic worldview" (PARTINA, 2001).

Previously, we identified a small group of terms that drew our attention to the mechanism of

the intention of choice due to the combination of the typical structure and the uncommonness

of their onyms that are not so typical of architecture.

As a result of the analysis of eponyms in this group, we have concluded that, from the

onomastic perspective, the diachronic aspect is primarily connected to the historical process of

the formation of architectural vocabulary that reflects evolutionary cognitive processes.

Modern linguistics is departing from the positions of structuralism and is increasingly

focusing on the function of the language "as a cognitive field of cooperative interactions during

which the individual consciousness is formed and developed" (ALEXEEVA, 2004). A.V.

Kravchenko (2012) defines language as a "biologically, socially and ecologically determined

interactional behavior wherein intellect is born". Yu.V. Kobenko (2017) also considers

language as "a socially determined product of humanity, the existence of which is impossible

outside the homo environment or in the presence of one individual". All of the above determined

a methodological approach to studying the semantic motivation of eponyms, and we have tried

to have a different perspective on this issue. In the works that investigated the phenomenon of

eponymy and eponymic terms, their syntagmatic connections were thoroughly studied,

conclusions were made about the beneficial effect on the development of the architectural

terminological system in the era of globalization.

Results and Discussion

As we can see, there are still very few works dedicated to the research eponymic terms

as the discipline that studies this group of terms is very young. Many controversial and

contradictory issues remain that need to be addressed by linguists in the near future. The

absence of a complete description of the main problems hinders the practical work of translating

literature and abundant documentation in eponymous terms. Therefore, the subject of this study

is the eponymic terms in the field of architecture.

Having studied over 50 eponyms, one can conclude that these terms stem not only from

real people's names and surnames but also from geographical names, mythological and biblical

characters. Architectural terminology has also absorbed such relics of ancient cultural eras as

mythonyms and biblical expressions due to the varying use of mythological creatures as

elements of décor and patterns.

The eponyms on our list are divided into following groups by origin:

Figure 1 – The classification of eponyms

Source: PLUZHNIKOV, 1995; PARTINA, 2001

1. The first group consists of eponyms that stem from mythonyms and biblical

expressions – 17.3% of the considered examples, (a mythonym is the proper noun of a fictional

object of any category: hero, deity, demonic character, location in myths and tales). Many

researchers note that a large proportion in terminology falls on nominations formed based on

Greek and Latin elements.

Let us provide some examples of definitions of terms that became eponyms through the

names of mythological creatures and their habitats that formed the basis of systemic and derived

terms:

Anthroponyms;

46.2%

Toponyms;

36.5%

Mythonyms and

biblical

expressions;

17.3%

EPONYMS

an arch is "a type of architectural structure, curved overlap of an opening, a space

between two supports – columns, pylons". An arch that continues inward forms a vault. In

ancient Greek mythology, the goddess Arke was the sister of Iris (the personification of

Rainbow);

an atlas is "a vertical column shaped as a male figure that supports the beamed ceiling

of a building, portico or balcony"; according to the myth, Atlas had to hold up the sky at the

western edge of the Earth as punishment for taking part in the battle of Titans against the

Olympic gods;

Cyclopean masonry is "ancient stone buildings that were constructed with the use of

Cyclopean masonry". A feature of these architectural creations is that they were built from

massive limestone boulders stacked on top of each other with no use of mortar. These

magnificent buildings were made by the Cyclopes – powerful one-eyed giants since people

simply would not have the strength to build something like that, which is reflected in the

nomination;

a mausoleum is "a monument, a burial structure that included a chamber where the

remains of the deceased were placed and sometimes a memorial hall". It was named after the

luxurious tomb of Mausolus of Caria in Halicarnassus (near the modern Turkish city of

Bodrum). The results of the analysis confirm that some eponyms refer to cultural monuments,

for example, the Coliseum "the Amphitheatre of the Flavians, Roman emperors" which is a

masterpiece of ancient Roman architecture. The word Coliseum stems from the name of the

nearby sanctuary of the goddess Isis;

the Sistine Chapel is "the monument of Italian Renaissance art in the Vatican Palace in

Rome". The Chapel was created by the architect G. de Dolci in 1473 – 1481, and the first mass

took place in 1483 at the time of Pope Sixtus IV, for whom it is named. The Sistine Chapel

works as a museum;

the Eifel Tower is "the metal tower", the most recognizable architectural attraction

located in the center of Paris was named after the chief engineer Gustave Eifel.

The eponyms formed based on onyms of biblical origin are associatively connected to

the biblical proverb while allusions arising due to the prominent ideosemantics of the biblical

name vary: Dionysiac architects "an ancient brotherhood of constructors the members of which

took part in mysteries (rituals) in honor of the god Dionysus". The knowledge that they kept

secret from the uninitiated was called architectonics. Subsequently, the Dionysian masters

created temples, altars, and theaters not only of Dionysus but also of other gods. The builders

united in communities led by a master – prototypes of later Masonic fraternities and craft guilds.

It is believed that the brotherhoods of Dionysians equated to priests managed the construction

of many famous buildings of antiquity: the Babylonian ziggurats, Egyptian pyramids, the

temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, the minaret Qutub Minar, the Taj Mahal mausoleum in India;

a vestibule is "a room before the entrance into the inside of a building meant for

reception and distribution of visitors", the name of the special courtyard that was built in honor

of the goddess of the hearth and home. A vestibule is used for reception and temporary

allocation of significant amounts of people during the inflow and outflow of visitors. In winter,

for more efficient heat preservation, an avant-vestibule is set up between the vestibule and the

entrance hall.

We analyzed the eponyms of this group and concluded that, from the onomastic

perspective, the diachronic aspect is primarily connected to the historical process of the

formation of architectural vocabulary that reflects evolutionary cognitive processes.

2. The second group includes eponyms that stem from anthroponyms (according to the

research, the group amounts to 46.2% of the total number of the studied examples) – (an

anthroponym is a single proper noun or a set of proper nouns identifying a person). It is due to

the eponymic terms that one can talk about the anthropocentrism of architectural knowledge,

unlike other sciences, such as medicine, military science, that naturally contain eponymic terms

but the terms are not so illustrative. Currently, a feature of the linguo-cognitive and

culturological direction in science is a shift in focus of scientific research from an object to a

subject, which directs the subject to comprehend the meaning of cultural phenomena, to its

content. As it is known, culture is a hereditary "bunch of ideas, concepts, knowledge,

associations, experiences" that lives in the dialogue with other cultures. This bunch is

accumulated, first of all, in the language, in lexical units and phraseology. Behind such analyzed

linguistic units as eponymous terms is, first of all, the human person.

Eponymic terms differ from each other not only "by age" but also by the anthroponyms

that are part of the terms. Each era has its own typical set of names used for the nomination –

the popular mythonyms characteristic of the early language of the architectural science are

replaced by real names, the surnames of scientists and architects which is the largest group.

Let us examine a few of them:

a mansard is "an architectural mansard roof, houses with high roofs and mansard dormer

windows" that was named after the French architect François Mansart;

Palladianism is "a stylistic trend in the architecture of classicism, based on

compositional techniques" created by the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio;

a Palladian window is a type of three-part window that consists of two rectangular side

windows and a large central arch window with an archivolt that western researchers named

after the author, French architect A. Palladio;

a Serlian window is "a common type of Italian window with a higher arch in the middle",

named after the Italian architect S. Serlio;

the Vitruvian Triad "triplicity, trinity" was the main principle of classical architecture

formulated by the ancient Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio;

the Hippodamus system was "the system of planning ancient cities with right-angled

streets and equal rectangular blocks", it was connected with the name of the ancient Greek

architect Hippodamus of Miletus, at various times, many ancient cities were planned according

to this system: Pireas, Rhodes, Thurii, Alexandria;

Aleviz brick is "small-sized brick" first used in Russian construction by the Italian

architect Aleviz the New (Alevisio Lamberti da Montagnano) who created the Archangel

Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin;

Churrigueresque is "a style of Spanish and Latin American architecture" named after

the Spanish architect José Benito de Churriguera and his brothers. Developed at the turn of the

17th century, the style of Churrigueresque appeared on the decoration of facades and interiors

and was the development of the Baroque principles in the spirit of increased emotionality, an

overload of architectural forms with fancy, fractional and restless plastic decor;

Samtavisi is "a cathedral located 30 km away from Gori, a monument of Medieval

Georgian architecture". It was built in 1030 by the architect Illarion Samtavneli. It is a cross-

domed structure, the plan of which is close to a square which determines the compactness of

the architectural space and enhances the dynamic verticality of the forms. For the first time in

Georgian architecture, decor saturated with ornaments was used on the eastern facade

(composition of a large ornamented cross, a carved architrave of the main window and

ornamented squares below it). The eponymic terms allow one to preserve the names of not only

scientists who remain in the memory of grateful descendants but also those who once

contributed to science and were later undeservedly forgotten. According to P.A. Florenskii

(1999, p. 218), "Each newly revealed name turns the depths of culture and begins a new line of

historical typology".

Therefore, visual images are significant for architecture, and the architect, as an

intellectual creative person, uses the language tools that allow this image to be fixed in special

architectural eponymic terms. The study showed that the largest group is eponymic words that

date back to anthroponyms.

3. The third group consists of eponymic toponyms (a toponym is a proper noun that

denotes the name of a geographical object) and amounts to 36.5% of the considered examples.

Toponymic eponyms that feature place names include Roman concrete, Tuscan order (from the

Latin "ord" – military formation, arrangement) (KAVTARADZE; 2019), English bond, attic,

Florentine window, Berlin window, etc.

The names of architectural objects usually contain the place of a historical event:

a caryatid is "a support shaped as a female figure holding the "punishment" on her head

– the weight of the stone entablature". The name stems from the images of the enslaved women

of Caryae in Peloponnese (Greece). The citizens made a pact with Persians against Greece and

had to carry baskets with gifts on their heads as punishment;

a palazzo is "a palace, city mansion, private house". In ancient Rome, emperors and

patricians built their palaces on the Palatine Hill, which became the name for the city palace

(PLUZHNIKOV: 1995);

Pennsylvania is "named after William Penn – a Quaker who received the land west of

the River Delaware from the King of England";

The Solovetsky Monastery is located on Solovetsky Island in the White Sea. It is a

historical and architectural reserve;

the Ferapontov Monastery is in the Ferapontovo village in the Vologda region. It was

founded in about 1398 by Ferapont, the monk from the Moscow Simonov Monastery.

The typical location:

a Venetian window is "a double window with a column in the middle and two arches at

the top, united by one common arch or triangular pediment". This type of window was common

in Italy, Venetian architecture, hence the name;

a formal French garden is "a French garden, park that has a regular, geometric structure

(usually axial)" (PLUZHNIKOV; 1995).

V.M. Leichik (1981) notes that, in specialized vocabulary, eponyms denote the objects

that have adopted a personal name – the name of a deity, hero or real person, and that play a

significant role in technical and scientific terminology. Thus, there are dictionaries of eponyms

(Russian [PLUZHNIKOV, 1995; VLASOV, 2003; IKONNIKOV, 2001; PARTINA, 2001;

SOGOYAN, 1999; BATOREVICH; KOZHITSEVA, 2001; BLAU, 2010; PEVSNER, 1975;

GONCHAROV, 2009], English-Russian [KAKZANOVA, 2015]), the vocabulary of which

varies both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, there are 2,500 words in the dictionary

by N.I. Goncharov (2009); the Dictionary and Reference book by M.G. Blau (2010) contains

300 origin stories of eponymic words and the dictionary by E.M. Kakzanova (2015) is devoted

to single-word eponyms – the words that help one recognize the names, geographical names

and mythological characters that the words stem from. The eponyms featured in the dictionary

(297 in total) are international i.e., are present in many European languages. The Linguistic

encyclopedic dictionary by V.N. Yartseva (1990) contains information (769) on the theories of

the origin of language, its laws of development, the features of phonetic, grammatical and

lexical structure of languages of the world.

Thus, the process of non-extension of eponymization to the architectural terminological

system can be associated with the features of the formation of architecture as a science in

general, since "fundamental architectural science is currently actively developing but is still in

the formative phase" and the nomination process in this area is not developing so rapidly as, for

example, in medicine and other sciences that are characterized by the frequent emergence of

new descriptions and phenomena that need to be identified. The active formation of eponymic

names occurs during the period of origin and intensive development in the field of architectural

knowledge.

4. By the way of formation, eponyms can be divided into non-derivative and derivative.

Non-derivative eponyms appeared as a result of the transition of a proper noun into a common

noun without changes (arch, herm, vestibule) (PLUZHNIKOV, 1995). Derivative eponyms

were formed following a suffixal pattern, through compounding or abbreviation (mansard,

Palladianism, Serlian window). An obligatory terminoelement (a component of the term) is,

first of all, the inventor's surname and then the name of the object. Due to the prominent

ideosemantics of the sacred image, the terminoelements formed from sacred mythical proper

nouns are more common. Word-formational morphemes – mythonyms perform an important

classification function as they are specialized when they express certain meanings in the

architectural terminological system.

The terminological units that were formed from mythical proper nouns in the process of

secondary nomination are used as nouns and otonymic morphemes – terminoelements that

convey meaning. The most common are the examples where the definition is fixed by the

toponymic parallel.

5. Let us examine the semantic motivation that can be determined by the significant

characteristic of an object or phenomenon, an external or random characteristic and sometimes

even a characteristic of the inventor or discoverer rather than the object. The motivated meaning

of the linguistic unit is essentially secondary as it is derivative in terms of semantics and word

formation. Motivated words have an "inner form" as the words relate to the derivational word

through their form and the semes that are included in the motivational part of the meaning. A

monosemantic word can also be motivated in its meaning. According to O.I. Blinova (1981, p.

30), the inner form of the word acts as a means of realization and materialization of motivation

in the word. The motivation of terminological units should be understood as a structural-

semantic property of a word, which is a unit of language for special purposes. This property

allows one to understand the interdependence of the sound and meaning of the term based on

its correlation with other lexical units of the language and belonging to a particular

terminological system. Even though researchers do not agree on the classification of motivation,

each of them identifies a type of motivation based on the associative connection of a concept

denoted by a term with concepts that are outside the terminology.

Terminological units as any other lexical units of the language can possess or lack the

property of motivation. Considering the issue of term motivation ("traits that form the basis of

a term"), we should note that this particular trait makes the term more memorable, more

"prominent" and determines the connection to other terms (SUPERANSKAYA et al., 1989, p.

130).

6. Within terminological science, one also distinguishes the "motivation of the form of

the term" and "motivation of the semantics and function of the term" while the former explains

the choice of the particular form and the latter "is determined by the direct relationship to the

object of nomination and the place of the term in the terminological system" (LEICHIK, 2009,

p. 39). There are a few stages typical of the formation of terminological science that are

connected to the interpretation of the key notion – the term. Initially, the perception of the term

was based on such characteristics as originality, specific nature and independence from the

common-literary language. This approach led to the conclusions on the lack of connection

between the term and the context and its emergence and existence in a particular terminological

system (ALEXEEVA, 2004, p. 63-64).

Therefore, eponyms can exist as single words formed following the morphological and

syntactical model "the eponym (noun)":

mansard, caryatid, Coliseum, Palladianism, palazzo, arch, herm, vestibule, mausoleum,

Manueline, Serlian (PLUZHNIKOV, 1995); as borrowings: Churrigueresque, Warren truss;

as word combinations noun + noun in the genitive case: Directoire style, the Henry II style,

Hypostyle, the Monge method, etc.

The main word in the word combination is usually the terminological element: style,

method, system, etc.;

As a compound word: noun + noun, by compounding two stems: hypostyle, Gothic

Revival.

It can be stressed there are a lot of terminoelements in the present work that have the

components style (6) and order (4) that denote particular types, times, and directions.

Table 1 – Terminoelements style, order

Style (6 words)

Order (4 words)

Romanesque

Ionic

Naryshkin

Doric

Directoire

Corinthian

Incrustation

Tuscan

Hypostyle

The Henry II style

Source: PLUZHNIKOV, 1995; SOGOYAN, 1999; KAVTARADZE, 2019

7. In architectural terminology, there are also terms formed according to the

morphological and syntactical model "posteponymic adjective + noun": Ionic order, Italian

window, Hatoric capital, Venetian window, Roman concrete, Cyclopean masonry, Attic,

English window, English park, English orchestra stalls, Florentine arch, French balcony,

Italian ramp, Egyptian triangle, French roof, Finnish window, Romanesque style, Tuscan

order, Arch of Triumph, Doric order, incrustation style, Naryshkin style.

A feature of architectural terminology is individualizing nomination that is created by

adding an adjective formed from a proper noun to the terminological word combination. As a

result, there are nominations motivated by the names of famous scientists, researchers, and

architects.

8. There are a lot (8) of nominations on our list with the component "window" which

are specified by adjectives that denote the form, functions of a historical event and the typical

location.

Figure 2 – Nominations with the component "window"

Source: Pluzhnikov: 1995; Sogoyan: 1999; Kavtaradze: 2019

There are also a few terminological word combinations formed following the model

"eponym + adjective + noun": Abramtsevo artistic club, Roman architectural unit.

It is worth noting that eponymic terms are a reflection of the evolution of architectural

cognition and comprise a significant part of the modern terminological system as a proper noun

is an important component of the cognitive layer of the term (NESTMANN, 1983). The proper

noun is a share, segment of the concept nucleus and contributes to generating important

meanings in the professional linguistic worldview. Due to the individualizing function, the

proper noun makes each terminological unit unique which results in a variety of professional

linguistic worldviews.

In view of this, in recent decades, the number of specialized studies dedicated to

studying ways and principles of the formation of new architectural terminological systems has

naturally increased. In this area, such works are known as “Linguistics and cognitive science:

problems and mysteries” (BINFORD, 1988; CHOMSKY, 1991), "Introduction a la

terminologie" (RONDEAU, 1980), "Architecture building and construction" (CUMMING,

1985), on the example of English terminology (MUTHESIUS, 1996; EBERT et al., 1992;

KANKEY, 1989; FERNÁNDEZ-CANO; FERNÁNDEZ-GUERRERO, 2003; CHALONER,

1963) and the cognitive basis for the terminological system of architectural terminology in the

modern English language (HARRIS, 2006; ZHAKHANOVA, 2015; IEEE, 2000) and many

others.

As we can see, eponymic terms as an integral part of architectural terminology that

shapes the scientific discourse. Eponyms facilitate a deeper understanding of human activity

and culture. The architectural sublanguage is an important source of knowledge on the people

who created the science and the trend to study the human factor that exists in current linguistics

allows one to consider eponymic terms in light of the cognitive approach.

Conclusion and Future Studies

Eponyms with the word "window"

In linguistics, there are a lot of works devoted to the description of terminological

systems of various professional fields but interest in architectural vocabulary has arisen

relatively recently. It is repeatedly proved that the architectural terminological system was

formed based on common vocabulary and under the influence of general cultural values, as well

as the significant number of metaphorically used terms is pointed out. Various associative

connections based on ideosemantics characterize the object and its figurative perception,

determine the motivation of the eponym. Eponymic terms reflect the structure of knowledge

due to not only its word-formational components but also to the term-formational model itself.

The examination of structural and semantic features of eponymic terms allows one to

divide them into anthroponyms (46.2%), toponyms (36.5%), mythonyms and biblical

expressions (17.3%). The active formation of eponymic names occurs during the period of

origin and rapid development in the field of architectural knowledge. Eponymic terms reflect

the evolution of architectural cognition and make up a significant part of the terminological

system since proper nouns are an important component of the cognitive layer of the term.

Eponymic terms are part of the term-formational system and have their own typological

characteristics and models. Diachronic variation of the term components captures the

evolutionary changes in linguistic means of expression of the conceptual reality that reflect the

cognitive worldview.

The material analyzed in this article demonstrates the productivity of the formation of

terminological units, which include proper names (anthroponyms), which are a potential source

of the formation of nominatively significant terms. As a rule, they indicate the authorship of a

scientific discovery, any geographical object. Structurally and grammatically, eponymous

names are mainly characterized by a two-component composition, the components of which

are built according to the principle of coordination and control. By grammatical affiliation, the

main component belongs to the substantives, the dependent one - to the adjectives. The nature

of semantic relations is attributive, objective. Historical and etymological analysis of eponyms

provides rich linguocultural information reflecting the history of the formation of the

terminological system, conceptual, scientific picture of the world.

Authors’ Contribution

Z.K. Seidakhmetova, T.V. Timokhina, S.M. Tazhibaeva, A.U. Kishenova participated

in defining the purpose of the work and setting the research objectives, actively participated in

the discussion of its results. The choice of methods and the determination of instruments were

performed by Z.K. Seidakhmetova, data collection was carried out by Z.K. Seidakhmetova,

T.V. Timokhina, S.M. Tazhibaeva, A.U. Kishenova. All authors participated in writing the text

of this article.

The proposed article material can be used not only in scientific research but also in the

educational process. It will be interesting and informative for students to know the historical

and etymological data, the linguoculturological content of the eponyms, which ultimately will

expand the competencies of students, satisfy the practical needs of professional communication.

Today there is an active process in urban planning, new time demands and offers

creative solutions in architecture and construction. To create the latest architectural and urban

planning objects, a person at the present stage is looking for innovative models that most fully

reflect technical progress, the relationship of a person with the environment. The role of the

personal factor is not excluded here, which will be fixed in eponymic terms that will serve as

the subject of study and the basis of the anthropocentric approach in the study of architectural

and construction terminology.

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How to reference this article

SEIDAKHMETOVA, Z.; TIMOKHINA, T.; TAZHIBAYEVA, S.; KISHENOVA, A.

Semantic features of architectural eponymic terms. Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 7, n.

esp. 4, e021069, Nov 2021. e-ISSN: 2447-3529.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v7iesp.4.15605

Submitted: 09/02/2022

Required revisions: 20/05/2022

Approved: 05/09/2022

Published: 10/11/2022