AS CARACTERÍSTICAS DOMINANTES DA LINGUÍSTICA DA INTERNET LOS RASGOS DOMINANTES DE LA LINGUÍSTICA DE INTERNET THE DOMINANT FEATURES OF THE INTERNET LINGUISTICS


Valentyna ZAIETS1 Nataliia ZADORIZHNA2 Iryna ILCHENKO3

Svitlana SABLINA4 Hanna UDOVICHENKO5

Liudmyla ZAHORODNIA6


RESUMO: Esta investigação visa as características linguísticas modernas da Internet, realizando análises linguísticas utilizando estatísticas descritivas dos estudantes no ensino à distância. Uma análise linguística descobriu que a maioria dos estudantes utilizava características lexicais, ortográficas, paralinguísticas, e gráficas quando comunicavam numa sala de aula online. Um total de 452 mensagens, contendo um corpus de 6.340 palavras, foram analisadas e verificou-se que apenas 23,72% do corpus total foi encontrado com características léxicas, ortográficas, paralinguísticas e gráficas no Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 22,63% na Universidade de Stanford, 21,78% na Universidade de Harvard, 24,58% no Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia e 22,76% na Universidade de Oxford.


PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Discurso eletrônico. Comunicação eletrônica. Língua estrangeira.


1Universidade Borys Grinchenko Kyiv – (BGKU), Kyiv – Kyiv Oblast – Ucrânia. Candidata a Ciências Pedagógicas, Professora Assistente, Instituto de Filologia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1370- 697Х. E-mail: v.zaiets@kubg.edu.ua

2 Universidade Nacional Taras Shevchenko de Kyiv (TSNUK), Kyiv – Kyiv Oblast – Ucrânia. Doutorado em Filologia Inglesa, Professora Associada, Departamento de Filologia Inglesa e Comunicação Intercultural. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7727-8447. E-mail: zadorizhna@gmail.com

3 Universidade Nacional de Zaporizhzhia (ZNU), Zaporizhzhia – Zaporizhzhia Oblast – Ucrânia. Candidata a Ciências Filológicas, Professora Associada, Faculdade de Filologia, Departamento de Língua Ucraniana. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-1106. E-mail: irynailchenko2017@gmail.com

4 Universidade Nacional de Zaporizhzhia (ZNU), Zaporizhzhia – Zaporizhzhia Oblast – Ucrânia. Candidata a Ciências Filológicas, Professora Associada, Faculdade de Filologia, Departamento de Língua Ucraniana. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-6258. E-mail: sablinasv2017@gmail.com

5 Universidade Nacional de Economia e Comércio de Donetsk nomeada em homenagem a Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovskyi (DonNUET), Kryvyi Rih – Dnipropetrovsk Oblast – Ucrânia. Professora associada, Doutora em Pedagogia, Departamento de Filologia Estrangeira, Estudos Ucranianos e Disciplinas Sociais e Baixas. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-0857. E-mail: udovichenko@donnuet.edu.ua

6 Universidade Nacional Pedagógica Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv (HNPU), Hlukhiv – Sumy Oblast – Ucrânia. Chefe da Pedagogia Pré-Escolar e Diretora de Psicologia, Doutora em Ciências Pedagógicas, Professora Assistente da Faculdade de Educação Pré-Escolar. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217- 1041. E-mail: l.zagorodnya69@gmail.com





RESUMEN: Esta investigación se centra en los rasgos lingüísticos modernos de Internet mediante la realización de un análisis lingüístico con estadísticas descriptivas de los estudiantes en la enseñanza a distancia. El análisis lingüístico reveló que la mayoría de los estudiantes utilizaban rasgos léxicos, ortográficos, paralingüísticos y gráficos cuando se comunicaban en una clase en línea. Se analizaron 452 mensajes, que contenían un corpus de 6.340 palabras, y se comprobó que sólo el 23,72% del corpus total presentaba rasgos léxicos, ortográficos, paralingüísticos y gráficos en el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, el 22,63% en la Universidad de Stanford, el 21,78% en la Universidad de Harvard, el 24,58% en el Instituto Tecnológico de California y el 22,76% en la Universidad de Oxford.


PALABRAS CLAVE: Discurso electrónico. Comunicación electrónica. Lengua extranjera.


ABSTRACT: This research aims at the modern Internet linguistics features by carrying out linguistic analysis using descriptive statistics of students in distance learning. A linguistic analysis found that most students used lexical, orthographic, paralinguistic, and graphic features when communicating in an online classroom. A total of 452 messages, containing a corpus of 6,340 words, were analyzed and found that only 23.72% of the total corpus was found with lexical, spelling, paralinguistic and graphical features at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 22.63% at Stanford University, 21.78% at Harvard University, 24.58% at the California Institute of Technology and 22.76% at Oxford University.


KEYWORDS: Electronic discourse. E-communication. Foreign language.


Introdução


No início do século XXI, uma direção completamente nova na linguística apareceu, a linguística da Internet. A difusão da Internet tem um grande efeito no funcionamento de diferentes línguas em geral e da língua inglesa em particular (ALEKSANDROVA; MENDZHERITSKAYA; MALAKHOVA, 2017). Uma

variedade de textos e discursos pode ser encontrada na Internet e, neste sentido, o crescimento de paradigmas cognitivos e discursivos no aprendizado deste novo tipo de linguagem se torna cada vez mais significativo (AMOUSSOU; AYODELE, 2018).

Como a fala é parte integrante da comunicação, e os indivíduos são comunicadores compulsivos, eles continuam a encontrar novas formas de comunicação para superar a distância entre as pessoas. A tecnologia da Internet tem tido um grande impacto na vida humana, especialmente na área de comunicação. Depois de uma onda de tecnologia vem o acesso pesado a várias formas de mídia com a crescente interconexão das pessoas ao redor do mundo e a transmissão de informações. O uso da




Internet e da tecnologia da informação tem uma influência substancial na mudança da linguagem e o seu uso (AKUJOBI; EZE, 2021).

Há uma grande variedade de materiais na Internet, incluindo aqueles onde há uma convergência máxima de discurso oral e escrito. Em primeiro lugar, trata-se da comunicação on-line (ALEKSANDROVA; MENDZHERITSKAYA; MALAKHOVA,

2017). O rápido desenvolvimento da comunicação eletrônica contribui para o surgimento de um novo tipo de linguagem utilizada na Internet. Crystal (2001) afirma que a tecnologia abre novos horizontes para a pesquisa na área da linguística: Netspeak (Internetês) é um novo ponto de vista para o estudo acadêmico e de exploração das variações do discurso eletrônico e a expansão da revolução linguística dentro dos meios de comunicação eletrônica. Graddol (1997) apoiou a posição de que as comunicações eletrônicas avançadas aumentam o desenvolvimento de novas línguas. As revoluções nas comunicações eletrônicas podem levar a novas formas de comunicação que podem ser criadas através das comunicações eletrônicas.

A comunicação eletrônica é considerada uma ferramenta linguística importante, abrangendo todas as etapas da vida humana, bem como a educação e a aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira alvo. O inglês é considerado a língua mais falada no mundo devido ao seu uso em mídia e comércio inovadores globalizados, o que, por sua vez, contribuiu para a difusão da língua em todo o mundo. O uso da Internet e da tecnologia têm um impacto significativo na mudança e no uso do idioma (ABUSA'ALEEK, 2015). A realidade do paradigma cognitivo-discursivo na linguística da Internet é evidente, e é usado para pesquisa rigorosa deste tipo de material (ALEKSANDROVA; MENDZHERITSKAYA; MALAKHOVA, 2017). A necessidade de acesso à informação independentemente do tempo e do lugar intensificou os efeitos das tecnologias digitais e móveis, que fizeram ajustes no desenvolvimento da linguística

moderna da Internet (UYSAL; GAZIBEY, 2010).

Esta pesquisa visa estabelecer um padrão para promover o desenvolvimento das características dominantes da linguística moderna da Internet, conduzindo uma análise linguística utilizando estatísticas descritivas do discurso eletrônico dos estudantes em salas de aula on-line ao implementar o ensino à distância para estabelecer novas variedades de linguagem e suas características.

Os objetivos de pesquisa do artigo são:




  1. Analisar as principais características linguísticas no bate-papo dos estudantes do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts, Universidade de Stanford, Universidade de Harvard, Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia, e Universidade de Oxford;

  2. Analisar o status do acesso à Internet de banda larga de alta velocidade e velocidades de Internet móvel e avaliar o status da educação online em 30 países e o ranking global de plataformas de redes sociais;

  3. Conduzir uma análise linguística utilizando estatísticas descritivas do discurso eletrônico dos alunos em salas de aula on-line, enquanto se implementa o ensino à distância para determinar o domínio da moderna linguística da Internet.


Revisão literária


As características dominantes da linguística moderna da Internet são que o discurso eletrônico assume novas dimensões, principalmente na forma como o processo de comunicação se dá. As pesquisas dos últimos anos mostraram uma explosão de interesse no estudo da linguagem que os jovens usam na comunicação eletrônica (BARON, 2010; CRYSTAL, 2008; FARINA; LYDDY, 2011; LING, 2005; LING;

BARON, 2007; LYDDY et al., 2014; SUN, 2010; TAGLIAMONTE; DENIS, 2008; THURLOW; BROWN, 2003; VARNHAGEN et al., 2010).

O uso de tecnologias digitais e móveis na linguística da Internet está ganhando uma difusão intensiva (BURSTON, 2015; GOLONKA et al., 2014; SANDBERG; MARIS; GEUS, 2011), que têm demonstrado benefícios significativos durante a última década (FU, 2018; HWANG; SHI; CHU, 2011; LAI, HWANG, 2015).

O termo Linguística da Internet é usado para se referir à forma escrita da linguagem usada na comunicação eletrônica e ao estudo de como os estilos de fala mudaram como resultado do uso da Internet. A linguística da Internet explora novas diversidades de linguagem que levam a mudanças substanciais na estrutura escrita da linguagem. Os pesquisadores, enquanto exploram o domínio da linguística moderna da Internet, usam vários termos para se referir à linguagem usada pelas pessoas na comunicação eletrônica, como, por exemplo: "discurso eletrônico" (DAVIS; BREWER, 1997; PANCKHURST, 2006), "linguagem eletrônica" (COLLOT; BELMORE, 1996),

"comunicação mediada por computador" (HERRING, 1996), "discurso escrito interativo" (WERRY, 1996), "Netlish", "Weblish", "Internet language", "Cyber speak",




"Netling" (CRYSTAL, 2008); THURLOW; BROWN, 2003), cyberlanguage

(MACFADYEN; ROCHE; DOFF, 2004), Netspeak (CRYSTAL, 2008; THURLOW;

BROWN, 2003), e linguagem virtual, ou seja, internetês (POP, 2008).

De acordo com Davis e Brewer (1997), o termo "discurso eletrônico" se concentra em como as pessoas usam a linguagem para trocar ideias e pontos de vista em vez de como elas se comunicam. Herring (1996) afirma que "e-discurso se refere ao SMS baseado em texto no qual os participantes interagem usando a palavra escrita, tal como digitar uma mensagem no teclado de um computador, lida por outros nas telas de seus computadores, seja imediatamente (SMS síncrono) ou posteriormente (SMS assíncrono)".

Davis e Brewer (1997) definem o discurso eletrônico como "uma forma de comunicação eletrônica interativa na qual o ser humano usa um teclado e escreve na língua". Os autores também argumentam que o termo "discurso eletrônico" se refere à conversa escrita de "escrever no lugar das vozes".

O discurso eletrônico é um tipo de linguagem que leva a mudanças substanciais na estrutura escrita da linguagem, que cria uma espécie de meia língua que fica entre o estilo oral e escrito e tem suas características e grafologia. Cada vez mais pessoas se comunicam entre si através de várias tecnologias como o serviço de mensagens curtas (SMS), mensagens instantâneas na Internet, chat síncrono, fóruns de discussão assíncronos, e-mail, Twitter, Skype, Facebook, Viber, Telegram, WhatsApp, Line, QQ, Snapchat, Weixin/WeChat etc. Muitas destes meios comunicações são interativos, semelhantes a uma conversa, mas realizadas à distância (muitas vezes tanto no tempo quanto no espaço) e por escrito. Facebook e WhatsApp, como comunidades linguísticas, têm seus estilos de identificação, códigos e xibolete, se espalhando de saudações de uma frase a textos informativos e diretivos, tais como relatórios, boletins informativos e anúncios. A e-comunicação ou comunicação eletrônica, está se tornando cada vez mais comuns entre estudantes e jovens para acelerar um intercâmbio comunicativo ou para alcançar suas intenções comunicativas, formas rápidas e baratas de expressar palavras, frases e emoções através de pragmática textual e gráfica foram desenvolvidas (AKUJOBI; EZE, 2021).

Sun (2010) realizou um estudo linguístico para examinar as características do inglês na Internet e descobriu que, analisando as características da linguística da Internet, as pessoas podem efetivamente utilizar os recursos disponíveis on-line e conseguir uma comunicação online eficaz. Tagliamonte e Denis (2008) investigaram a




linguagem de mensagens instantâneas que analisou um corpus de mais de um milhão de palavras de mensagens instantâneas. Os resultados mostram que o envio de mensagens instantâneas está firmemente enraizado na forma da linguagem moderna. Além disso, os resultados mostram que há variações e mudanças no idioma no inglês moderno. Tagliamonte e Denis (2008) resumem que as mensagens instantâneas são um novo híbrido distinto de linguagem que exibe uma combinação de variações formais e tradicionais.

Jovens e estudantes tendem a tornar sua mensagem breve em mensagens instantâneas, assim eles usam acrônimos e outros idiomas para tornar seu bate-papo mais curto, mas ainda informal para compreensão. As estruturas linguísticas do contexto on-line são distintas porque têm o mesmo significado que uma carta padrão, mas são diferentes na forma. As características linguísticas do texto escrito em um contexto offline demonstram as estruturas diversas e exclusivas do texto em um contexto online. Hezili (2010) classificou as características linguísticas existentes na comunicação on- line em termos de (1) características ortográficas (alfabeto, letras maiúsculas, ortografia e pontuação), (2) características linguística s (vocabulário informal, abreviação), (3) características gramaticais (ordem das palavras, estrutura das frases), (4) discurso e (5) características paralinguísticas e gráficas (marcador alternativo como o uso de letras maiúsculas e pequena pontuação excessiva). Além disso, a principal diferença entre discurso escrito offline e online é que a linguagem no contexto online é geralmente de uma forma não padronizada (HASAN; MUHAYYANG, 2018).

O fenômeno da Internet é mais do que apenas uma questão de novas tecnologias; é também um problema de mudanças radicais na vida humana e, portanto, na linguagem. Os pesquisadores observam mudanças na ortografia, na gramática, na função dos sinais de pontuação, no uso crescente de abreviaturas e acrônimos, e outros fenômenos que surgiram com o surgimento da Internet e da comunicação móvel (ALEKSANDROVA; MENDZHERITSKAYA; MALAKHOVA, 2017).

Atualmente, os telefones celulares são uma ferramenta que expande a gama de interações ao redor do mundo, principalmente para fortalecer as redes de contatos existentes. Eles trouxeram uma importante cultura de comunicação para muitos comunicadores, especialmente os jovens, devido ao seu poder inovador. A diversidade de línguas desenvolvidas para a comunicação na Internet atua como um meio de criar uma linguagem de mídia, diferente do inglês convencionalmente escrito, mas complementar a ele. A linguagem da Internet possui novas estruturas linguísticas que




beneficiam os estudantes em termos de incentivo à criatividade na expressão escrita e melhoria da alfabetização, além de afetar seu domínio das formas escritas e faladas de inglês (AKUJOBI; EZE, 2021).

Portanto, a importância das tecnologias móveis e de comunicação da informação como característica dominante da linguística moderna da Internet é discutida teórica e praticamente em publicações e estudos científicos. Entretanto, esta questão é relevante e aberta a pesquisas adicionais.


Materiais e métodos


A realização do objetivo da pesquisa envolve o uso de métodos de pesquisa tais

como:



Além disso, o corpus estudantil durante as aulas e bate-papos on-line descobriu que as seguintes variantes no idioma eram mais comumente usadas: substituição de palavras por letras, substituição de palavras por dígitos, abreviação e soletração inconvencional. Esta conclusão está alinhada com estudos anteriores (CRYSTAL, 2008; FARINA; LYDDY, 2011; LING, 2005; LING; BARON, 2007; LYDDY et al., 2014;

TAGLIAMONTE; DENIS, 2008; THURLOW; BROWN, 2003);

Lyddy et al. (2014), em suas pesquisas, descobriram que 25% do corpus usava grafia não tradicional. Em um estudo de Thurlow e Brown (2003), a porcentagem da forma abreviada encontrada na amostra do corpus é de 19% do conteúdo total. Ling (2005) demonstrou que apenas 6% das palavras comuns nos textos do grupo norueguês foram abreviadas. Enquanto isso, Ling e Barão (2007) descobriram que menos de 5% do corpus eram palavras abreviadas, e o restante eram formulários padrão. Farina e Lyddy (2011) descobriram que os sinais mais comuns do discurso eletrônico estavam na ortografia não tradicional, combinações de palavras e menos comuns eram os emoticons, substituições de letra por palavra e substituições de número de palavras. Eles concluem que o discurso eletrônico não é tão pouco convencional quanto a nota da mídia.

Os resultados da pesquisa são semelhantes aos de Tagliamonte e Denis (2008) já que suas descobertas demonstram que há variações e mudanças na linguística do inglês moderno, e o discurso eletrônico é um novo híbrido distinto de linguagem que demonstra uma combinação de variantes formais e vernáculas. A existência da linguagem não tradicional está associada a algumas palavras no discurso eletrônico inglês, enquanto a maior parte do conteúdo do discurso eletrônico é composta de formulários padrão. O discurso eletrônico faz uso máximo de abreviações, ortografia não tradicional, substituição de palavras por letras, substituição de palavras por números, inicialismos e emoticons.

Assim, as características dominantes da linguística moderna da Internet no desenvolvimento das tecnologias de comunicação da informação enfrentarão novos desafios que contribuirão para o desenvolvimento de novos discursos eletrônicos e de comunicação eletrônica. Pesquisas aprofundadas aumentarão a atenção para a formação



de uma estrutura metodológica e para a descrição e estudo de unidades específicas de comunicação eletrônica, a fim de analisar os padrões de sua aparência e características de comunicação no ambiente eletrônico.


Conclusões


Como resultado da análise das características dominantes da linguística moderna da Internet, verificamos que o inglês utiliza as categorias do discurso eletrônico e oferece muitas possibilidades de abreviação no processo de comunicação eletrônica. Levando tudo isso em consideração, ainda que haja a necessidade de usar abreviações na comunicação do mensageiro, que são definidas como universais, a frequência e o número de abreviações utilizadas dependerão de vários determinantes, tais como a linguagem, a tangibilidade do discurso eletrônico e o local onde a linguagem é utilizada. De acordo com os resultados da pesquisa sobre o lado lexical e gramatical, as seguintes características dominantes da linguística da Internet se destacam como as mais frequentemente utilizadas: uso extensivo de afixação e composição de palavras para poupar tempo; omissão de artigos em cabeçalhos; o uso de abreviações entendidas apenas por pessoas no respectivo ambiente.

No lado estilístico, uma vez que fontes não oficiais não têm uma estrutura clara e clichês no design das notas, blogs pessoais e páginas privadas em redes sociais são mais visitados e legíveis do que as fontes oficiais. No lado ortográfico, é o agramatismo deliberado se a mensagem é muito grande, para economizar tempo; o uso de caracteres especiais, a substituição de letras e palavras numéricas, emoticons etc., para dar mais expressão e mostrar a atitude de alguém em relação a algo. É notável que símbolos diferentes são entendidos de forma diferente pelos usuários, dependendo do contexto da mensagem que requer certo conhecimento, o que simboliza a presença da linguagem simbólica da Internet.

Os resultados mostram que os estudantes usam o discurso eletrônico quando interagem uns com os outros. A sugestão do presente estudo é que a ortografia inglesa dos estudantes na comunicação eletrônica será ameaçada se eles reforçarem seu uso da linguagem do discurso eletrônico. Portanto, há uma necessidade urgente de conscientizar os estudantes sobre as variações linguísticas entre a língua de comunicação eletrônica e a linguística padrão. Além disso, os estudantes podem ser




introduzidos às características únicas do discurso eletrônico para aumentar sua consciência sobre as diferentes categorias do discurso.

O significado prático da pesquisa realizada é que as suposições e propostas dos autores podem ser úteis para formar um estudo aprofundado da aplicação das características dominantes da linguística moderna da Internet no currículo.

Os resultados da pesquisa atual indicam uma necessidade crítica de mais pesquisas sobre as características dominantes da linguística moderna da Internet para preencher a lacuna da pesquisa. Sugerimos uma pesquisa com um número maior de estudantes, diferenciados por gênero, para apresentar uma imagem clara e mais generalizada do fenômeno em estudo.

Pesquisas adicionais são vistas na condução de um estudo da linguística moderna da Internet com outros respondentes para refutar ou confirmar estes resultados. Além disso, este artigo é limitado às categorias básicas do discurso eletrônico. Pesquisas futuras poderiam continuar a explorar outros aspectos do discurso eletrônico e características dominantes da linguística da Internet.


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Como referenciar este artigo


ZAIETS, V.; ZADORIZHNA, N.; ILCHENKO, I.; SABLINA, S.; UDOVICHENKO,

H.; ZAHORODNIA, L. As características dominantes da linguística da internet. Revista Entrelínguas, Araraquara, v. 7, n. 00, e021115, 2021. e-ISSN: 2447-3529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v7i00.15954


Submetido em: 01/09/2021 Revisões requeridas: 10/10/2021 Aprovado em: 30/11/2021 Publicado em: 17/12/2021




THE DOMINANT FEATURES OF THE INTERNET LINGUISTICS


AS CARACTERÍSTICAS DOMINANTES DA LINGUÍSTICA DA INTERNET LOS RASGOS DOMINANTES DE LA LINGÜÍSTICA DE INTERNET


Valentyna ZAIETS1 Nataliia ZADORIZHNA2 Iryna ILCHENKO3

Svitlana SABLINA4 Hanna UDOVICHENKO5

Liudmyla ZAHORODNIA6


ABSTRACT: This research aims at the modern Internet linguistics features by carrying out linguistic analysis using descriptive statistics of students in distance learning. A linguistic analysis found that most students used lexical, orthographic, paralinguistic, and graphic features when communicating in an online classroom. A total of 452 messages, containing a corpus of 6,340 words, were analyzed and found that only 23.72% of the total corpus was found with lexical, spelling, paralinguistic and graphical features at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 22.63% at Stanford University, 21.78% at Harvard University, 24.58% at the California Institute of Technology and 22.76% at Oxford University.


KEYWORDS: Electronic discourse. E-communication. Foreign language.


RESUMO: Esta investigação visa as características linguísticas modernas da Internet, realizando análises linguísticas utilizando estatísticas descritivas dos estudantes no ensino à distância. Uma análise linguística descobriu que a maioria dos estudantes utilizava características lexicais, ortográficas, paralinguísticas, e gráficas quando comunicavam numa


1Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University – (BGKU), Kyiv – Kyiv Oblast – Ukraine. Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Institute of Philology. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1370-697Х. E-mail: v.zaiets@kubg.edu.ua

2 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (TSNUK), Kyiv – Kyiv Oblast – Ukraine. Ph.D. in English Philology, Associate Professor, Department of English Philology and Cross-Cultural Communication. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7727-8447. E-mail: zadorizhna@gmail.com

3 Zaporizhzhia National University (ZNU), Zaporizhzhia – Zaporizhzhia Oblast – Ukraine. Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Philology, Department of Ukrainian Language. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-1106. E-mail: irynailchenko2017@gmail.com

4 Zaporizhzhia National University (ZNU), Zaporizhzhia – Zaporizhzhia Oblast – Ukraine. Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Philology, Department of Ukrainian Language. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-6258. E-mail: sablinasv2017@gmail.com

5 Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovskyi (DonNUET), Kryvyi Rih – Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine. Associate Professor, Ph.D. in Pedagogy, Department of Foreign Philology, Ukrainian Studies and Social and Low Disciplines. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-0857. E-mail: udovichenko@donnuet.edu.ua

6 Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University (HNPU), Hlukhiv – Sumy Oblast – Ukraine. Head of Preschool Pedagogy and Psychology Chair, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Preschool Education. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-1041. E-mail: l.zagorodnya69@gmail.com



sala de aula online. Um total de 452 mensagens, contendo um corpus de 6.340 palavras, foram analisadas e verificou-se que apenas 23,72% do corpus total foi encontrado com características léxicas, ortográficas, paralinguísticas e gráficas no Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 22,63% na Universidade de Stanford, 21,78% na Universidade de Harvard, 24,58% no Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia e 22,76% na Universidade de Oxford.


PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Discurso electrónico. Comunicação eletrônica. Língua estrangeira.


RESUMEN: Esta investigación se centra en los rasgos lingüísticos modernos de Internet mediante la realización de un análisis lingüístico con estadísticas descriptivas de los estudiantes en la enseñanza a distancia. El análisis lingüístico reveló que la mayoría de los estudiantes utilizaban rasgos léxicos, ortográficos, paralingüísticos y gráficos cuando se comunicaban en una clase en línea. Se analizaron 452 mensajes, que contenían un corpus de

6.340 palabras, y se comprobó que sólo el 23,72% del corpus total presentaba rasgos léxicos, ortográficos, paralingüísticos y gráficos en el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, el 22,63% en la Universidad de Stanford, el 21,78% en la Universidad de Harvard, el 24,58% en el Instituto Tecnológico de California y el 22,76% en la Universidad de Oxford.


PALABRAS CLAVE: Discurso electrónico. Comunicación electrónica. Lengua extranjera.


Introduction


At the beginning of the XXI century, a completely new direction in linguistics appeared called Internet linguistics. The widespread of the Internet has a big effect on the functioning of different languages in general and the English language in particular (ALEKSANDROVA; MENDZHERITSKAYA; MALAKHOVA, 2017). A variety of texts

and discourses can be found on the Internet, and in this respect, the growth of cognitive and discursive paradigms in the learning of this new type of language becomes more and more significant (AMOUSSOU; AYODELE, 2018).

Since speech is an integral part of communication, and people are compulsive communicators, they continue to find new ways to communicate to overcome the distance between people. Internet technology has had a major impact on human life, especially in the communication area. After a wave of technology comes weighty access to various forms of media with the increasing interconnectedness of peoples around the world and the transmission of information. The use of the Internet and computer technology has a substantial influence on the change in language and its use (AKUJOBI; EZE, 2021).

There is a great variety of materials on the Internet, including those where there is a maximum convergence of oral and written speech. In the first place, it concerns online communication (ALEKSANDROVA; MENDZHERITSKAYA; MALAKHOVA, 2017). The




rapid development of e-communication contributes to the emergence of a new type of language used on the Internet. Crystal (2001) states that technology opens new horizons for linguistic research: Netspeak is a new viewpoint for the academic study and exploration of variations in electronic discourse and the expansion of the language revolution within e- communication means. Graddol (1997) supported position that advanced e-communications increase the development of new languages. The revolutions in e-communication can lead to new communication ways that can be created through e-communications.

E-communication is considered an important linguistic tool, covering every stage of human life as well as education and learning a target foreign language. English is considered the most widely spoken language in the world because of its use in innovative globalized media and commerce, which, in turn, has contributed to the spread of the language throughout the world. The use of the Internet and computer technology have a significant impact on language change and use (ABUSA’ALEEK, 2015).

The reality of the cognitive-discursive paradigm in Internet linguistics is evident, and it is used for rigorous research of this type of material (ALEKSANDROVA; MENDZHERITSKAYA; MALAKHOVA, 2017). The need for access to information regardless of time and place has intensified the effects of digital and mobile technologies, which have made adjustments in the development of modern Internet linguistics (UYSAL; GAZIBEY, 2010).

This research aims to establish a pattern to promote the dominant features’ development of modern Internet linguistics by conducting a linguistic analysis using descriptive statistics of students’ electronic discourse in online classrooms when implementing distance learning to establish new varieties of language and its characteristic features.

Research tasks of the article are:

  1. To analyze the main language features in chatting of students at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Harvard University, California Institute of Technology, and Oxford University;

  2. To analyze the status of high-speed broadband Internet access and mobile Internet speeds and assess the online education status in 30 countries and the global ranking of social networking platforms;

  3. To conduct a linguistic analysis using descriptive statistics of students’ electronic discourse in online classrooms while implementing distance learning to determine the dominance of modern Internet linguistics.


Literature review


The dominant features of modern Internet linguistics are that electronic discourse takes on new dimensions, mainly in the way the communication process takes place. Last years’ researches have shown an explosion of interest in the study of the language that young people use in e-communication (BARON, 2010; CRYSTAL, 2008; FARINA; LYDDY, 2011; LING, 2005; LING; BARON, 2007; LYDDY et al., 2014; SUN, 2010; TAGLIAMONTE;

DENIS, 2008; THURLOW; BROWN, 2003; VARNHAGEN et al., 2010).

The use of digital and mobile technologies in Internet linguistics is gaining an intensive spread (BURSTON, 2015; GOLONKA et al., 2014; SANDBERG; MARIS; GEUS,

2011), which have demonstrated significant benefits during e-communication over the past decade (FU, 2018; HWANG; SHI; CHU, 2011; LAI, HWANG, 2015).

The term Internet linguistics is used to refer to the written form of language used in e- communication and the study of how speech styles have changed as a result of Internet use. Internet linguistics explores new diversities of language that lead to substantial changes in the written structure of language. The researchers, while exploring the dominance of modern Internet linguistics, use various terms to refer to the language used by people in e- communication, such as: “electronic discourse” (DAVIS; BREWER, 1997; PANCKHURST, 2006), “electronic language” (COLLOT; BELMORE, 1996), “computer-mediated communication” (HERRING, 1996), “interactive written discourse” (WERRY, 1996), “Netlish”, “Weblish”, “Internet language”, “Cyber speak”, “Netling” (CRYSTAL, 2008; THURLOW; BROWN, 2003), cyberlanguage (MACFADYEN; ROCHE; DOFF, 2004),

Netspeak (CRYSTAL, 2008; THURLOW; BROWN, 2003), and virtual language (POP, 2008).

According to Davis and Brewer (1997), the term “electronic discourse” focuses on how people use language to exchange ideas and views rather than how they communicate. Herring (1996) states that “e-discourse refers to text-based SMS in which participants interact using the written word, such as typing a message on one computer keyboard, read by others on their computer screens either immediately (synchronous SMS) or later (asynchronous SMS)”.

Davis and Brewer (1997) define electronic discourse as “a form of interactive e- communication in which humans use a keyboard and write in the language”. The authors also




argue that the term “electronic discourse” refers to the written conversation of “writing

standing in place of voices”.

Electronic discourse is a type of language that leads to substantial changes in the written structure of language, which creates a kind of half-language that lies between oral and written style and has its characteristics and graphology. More and more people communicate with each other through various technologies such as short message service (SMS), Internet instant messaging, synchronous chat, asynchronous discussion forums, e-mail, Twitter, Skype, Facebook, Viber, Telegram, WhatsApp, Line, QQ, Snapchat, Weixin/WeChat, etc. Many of these communications are interactive, similar to a conversation, but conducted at a distance (often in both time and space) and in writing. Facebook and WhatsApp, as language communities, have their styles of identification, codes, and shibboleths, spreading from one- sentence greetings to informative and directive texts such as reports, newsletters, and announcements. They are becoming more and more common in use among students and youth to speed up a communicative exchange or to reach their communicative intentions, quick and cheap ways of expressing words, phrases, and emotions through textual and graphic pragmatics have been developed (AKUJOBI; EZE, 2021).

Sun (2010) conducted a linguistic study to examine the features of English on the Internet and found that by analyzing the characteristics of Internet linguistics, people can effectively use the resources available online and achieve effective online communication. Tagliamonte and Denis (2008) investigated instant messaging language who analyzed a corpus of more than one million words of instant messages. The results show that instant messaging is firmly rooted in the form of modern language. In addition, the results show that there are variations and changes in the language in modern English. Tagliamonte and Denis (2008) summarize that instant messaging is a distinctive new hybrid of language that exhibits a combination of formal and traditional variations.

Young people and students tend to make their message brief in instant messaging, so they use acronyms and other languages to make their chat shorter but still informal for understanding. The linguistic structures of online context are distinctive because they have the same meaning as a standard letter but are different in form. The linguistic features of the written text in an offline context demonstrate the diverse and exclusive structures of the text in an online context. Hezili (2010) classified the existing linguistic features in online communication in terms of (1) orthographic features (alphabet, capital letters, spelling, and punctuation), (2) linguistic features (informal vocabulary, abbreviation), (3) grammatical features (word order, sentence structure), (4) discourse and (5) paralinguistic and graphic


features (alternative marker such as capital letters’ use and small excessive punctuation). Furthermore, the main difference between offline and online written discourse is that language in the online context is usually in a nonstandard form (HASAN; MUHAYYANG, 2018).

The Internet phenomenon is more than just a matter of new technologies; it is also a problem of radical changes in human life and thus in language. The researchers note changes in orthography, grammar, the function of punctuation marks, the increasing use of abbreviations and acronyms, and other phenomena that appeared with the emergence of the Internet and mobile communication (ALEKSANDROVA; MENDZHERITSKAYA; MALAKHOVA, 2017).

Nowadays, cell phones are a tool that expands the range of interactions around the world, mainly to strengthen existing networks of contacts. They have brought an important communication culture to many communicators, especially young people, due to their innovative power. The diversity of languages developed for communication on the Internet acts as a means of creating a new media language, different from but complementary to conventionally written English. Internet linguistics has new linguistic structures that benefit students in terms of encouraging creativity in written expression and improving literacy, as well as affecting their command of written and spoken forms of English (AKUJOBI; EZE, 2021).

Therefore, the importance of mobile and information communication technologies as a dominant feature of modern Internet linguistics is discussed theoretically and practically in scientific publications and studies. However, this issue is relevant and open to additional research.


Materials and methods


The realization of the research aim involves the use of such research methods as:





Internet speed in 30 countries, assessing the climate of online education in 30 countries based on the Speedtest Global Index 2020 Report, and statistical data from The World Bank Group for 2020, determined the global ranking of social media platforms for January 2019 (million people) based on the Digital 2019 Report.


The linguistic analysis was conducted to determine the dominance of modern Internet linguistics by using descriptive statistics of students’ electronic discourse in online classrooms in the distance learning implementation.

The research was conducted in the Department of English at MIT, Stanford University, Harvard University, California Institute of Technology, and Oxford University. For this survey, 30 students from the MIT English Department, 30 students from the Stanford English Department, 30 students from the Harvard English Department, 30 students from the California Institute of Technology English Department, and 30 students from the Oxford University English Department were randomly selected. The participants of the survey were enrolled in a bachelor’s degree program. The average age of the students was 22 years old.

The corpus of this study was collected from the electronic discourse of 150 students. The students provided a sample of their electronic discourse for a linguistic analysis of the new diversities of language and its characteristics, where each student provided two of their electronic discourses. The students received information about the purpose of the study, and the data would be used only for academic use. The corpus of this research was 452 messages of 6,340 words.


Results


High-speed broadband Internet access and mobile Internet access are required to support the development of modern Internet linguistics. High-speed broadband Internet is accessible in the USA, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain and France, and high-speed mobile Internet is accessible in the Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Switzerland and Norway (Figure 1).


Figure 1 – Internet accessibility statistics for the world' top 30 countries



Source: Compiled by the authors based on official data of Speedtest Global Index (2020) and The World Bank Group (2020)





Analyzing the Digital 2019 Report, it was found that Facebook’s user count is the highest in early 2019, and it is ranked as the top platform in early 2019. The number of monthly active Facebook users has grown steadily over the past 12 months, and the platform’s latest earnings announcement reports user growth of nearly 10% per year. YouTube is second in the 2019 rankings, with a current total of 1.9 billion users. The current growth tendencies suggest that WhatsApp is not that far behind Facebook and YouTube, especially considering that the rate is 1.5 billion users (Figure 2).


Figure 2 – The global ranking of social networking platforms as of January 2019 (million people)


Source: Compiled by the authors based on official data of Kemp (2019)


The main research results of the dominant features of modern Internet linguistics were students’ messages in online classes and chats during the distance learning implementation at MIT, Stanford University, Harvard University, California Institute of Technology, and Oxford University. The results of this survey showed that students used four language features in chat (Figure 3).



Figure 3 – The language features used by students during online classes


Source: Compiled by the authors


During the research, it was found that the majority of students used lexical, orthographic, paralinguistic, and graphical features while communicating during online classes and chats. Thus, analyzing a corpus of 6,340 words, only 23.72% of the total corpus was found with lexical, orthographic, paralinguistic, and graphical features with a total of 1,504 words at MIT, 22.63% with 1,437 at Stanford University, 21.78% with 1,381 at

Harvard University, 24.58% with 1,559 at Caltech and 22.76% with 1,443 at Oxford University (Figure 4). Hence, this conclusion contradicts the common notion that students' electronic discourse is incomprehensible by an extremely abbreviated “code”.




Figure 4 – The linguistic analysis of students' electronic discourse


Source: Compiled by the authors


Table 1 shows examples of the new English varieties used by students during online classes and chats at MIT, Stanford University, Harvard University, California Institute of Technology, and Oxford University.


Table 1 – The new word varieties in English used by students during online classes and chats



Types

Online Form

Standard Form



Oooow

Ow



Hurray

Hurray


Interjection

Aarrgghhhh

Argh



Opps

Oops



Yuhuu

Yoo-hoo


Lexical


Abbreviation

LOL

Odpmt

ID and NL

Laugh out loud

Officer development pro- management training

Indonesia and Netherlands



AFAIK

As far as I know


Initialisms

ASAP

IDK

As soon as possible

I do not know



CMB

Call me back






Word letter replacement

U Y B

R

You Why Be

Are


Word digits replacement

4

2

1

8

For

Two, too, to One

Ate


Code-switching and mixing

Marc: How was your day? Carlo: Già, Laura, com'è andata oggi? Laura: Non c'è male (looking at Carlo), it was ok

(looking at Marc).

Marc: How was your day? Carlo: Yeah, Laura, how did it go today? Laura: Not bad (looking at Carlo), it was ok (looking at Marc).

Diction

White a second miss

Wait a second miss


Shortening

Lang

Fri Friday Feb

Aft

Language Friday

February After


Orthographic

Words spelling

Useing Pleasw Phartner ImmedietlyAppyied

Using Please Partner ImmediatelyApplied


Unconventional Spellings

Gud Shud Sory Thanx

Sum Masseg

Good Should Sorry Thanks

Some Message


Capitalization

seeing the other car approaching, i screamed “watch out!”

Seeing the other car approaching, I screamed “Watch Out!”


Grammatical

Tenses

I am searching grammar formula yesterd

I searched grammar formula yesterday.

Passive voice

The flight is delay because

The flight is delayed because

Verb use

But I already confused

But I am already confused

Personal pronoun

If I give she free movie ticket.

If I give her a free movie ticket


Paralinguistic and graphics features


Emoticon usage

:)*

:~

:x

Excessive punctuation

I do!!!

I do!

Source: Compiled by the authors


Discussion


The literature shows the research complexity of the dominant features issue of modern Internet linguistics. The linguistic analysis was carried out on the frequency of new word varieties in English by using descriptive statistics of students’ electronic discourse in online classes in the implementation of distance learning. This study was conducted to examine the electronic discourse features of a large corpus of electronic student discourse. In an analysis of a total of 6,340 words, only 23.72% of the total corpus was found with lexical, orthographic, paralinguistic, and graphic features at MIT, 22.63% at Stanford University,




21.78% at Harvard University, 24.58% at the California Institute of Technology, and 22.76% at Oxford University, while most of the corpus was a standard form.

Students during online classes and chats were found to use the following varieties of words in English most frequently at the:



In addition, the student corpus during online classes and chats found that the following varieties in language were most commonly used: word replacement, word replacement with digits, abbreviation, and nontraditional spelling of words. This conclusion is aligned with previous studies (CRYSTAL, 2008; FARINA; LYDDY, 2011; LING, 2005; LING; BARON, 2007; LYDDY et al., 2014; TAGLIAMONTE; DENIS, 2008; THURLOW; BROWN, 2003);

Lyddy et al. (2014), in their research, found that 25% of the corpus used nontraditional spelling. In a study by Thurlow and Brown (2003), the percentage of the abbreviated form found in the corpus sample is 19% of the total content. Ling (2005) demonstrated that only 6% of the common words in the Norwegian group texts were abbreviated. Meanwhile, Ling and Baron (2007) found that less than 5% of the corpus were abbreviated words, and the rest were standard forms. Farina and Lyddy (2011) found that the most common signs of electronic discourse were in nontraditional spelling, word combinations, and less common



were emoticons, letter-word substitutions, and word-number substitutions. They conclude that electronic discourse is not as unconventional as the media note.

The research results are similar to Tagliamonte and Denis (2008) because their findings demonstrate that there are variations and changes in linguistics in modern English, and electronic discourse is a distinctive new hybrid of language that demonstrates a combination of formal and vernacular variants. The existence of nontraditional language is associated with some words in English electronic discourse, while most of the content of electronic discourse is made up of standard forms. Electronic discourse makes maximum use of abbreviations, nontraditional spelling, replacement of letter words, replacement of number words, initialisms, and emoticons.

So, the dominant features of modern Internet linguistics in the development of information communication technologies will face new challenges contributing to the development of new electronic discourse and e-communication. In-depth research will increase attention to the formation of a methodological framework and the description and study of specific units of e-communication to analyze the patterns of their appearance and characteristic features characteristic of communication in the electronic environment.


Conclusions


As a result of the dominant features’ analysis of modern Internet linguistics, it is found that English uses the categories of electronic discourse and offers many possibilities of abbreviation in the e-communication process. Taking all the aforesaid into consideration, even though there is a need to use abbreviations in messenger communication, which are defined as universal. The frequency and number of abbreviations usage will be depended on several determinants, such as language, the tangibility of electronic discourse, and the place where the language is used. According to the research results on the lexical and grammatical side, the following dominant features of Internet linguistics stand out as the most frequently used: extensive use of affixation and word compounding to save time; omission of articles in headings; the use of abbreviations understood only by people in the respective environment.

On the stylistic side, since unofficial sources do not have a clear structure and clichés in the note design, personal blogs and private pages in social networks are more visited and readable than official sources. On the spelling side, it is the deliberate agrammatism if the message is too large, to save time; the use of special characters, replacement of letter words and number words, emoticons, etc., to give more expression and show one’s attitude to




something. It is noteworthy that different symbols are understood differently by users depending on the message context requiring certain background knowledge, which symbolizes the presence of the Internet’s symbolic language.

The results show that students use electronic discourse when interacting with each other. The suggestion of the present study is that students’ English spelling in e- communication will be threatened if they reinforce their use of electronic discourse language. Therefore, there is an urgent need to raise students’ awareness of the linguistic variations between the language of e-communication and the standard form. In addition, students can be introduced to the unique characteristics of electronic discourse to increase their awareness of the different categories of discourse.

The practical significance of the research conducted is that the authors` assumptions and proposals can be useful to form an in-depth study of the application of modern Internet linguistics’ dominant features in the curriculum.

The results of the current research indicate a critical need for further research on dominant features of modern Internet linguistics to fill the research gap. We suggest researching with a larger number of students, differentiated by gender, to present a clear and more generalized picture of the phenomenon under study.

Further research is seen in conducting a study of modern Internet linguistics with other respondents to refute or confirm these results. In addition, this article is limited to the basic categories of electronic discourse. Future research could continue to explore other aspects of electronic discourse and dominant features of Internet linguistics.


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How to reference this article


ZAIETS, V.; ZADORIZHNA, N.; ILCHENKO, I.; SABLINA, S.; UDOVICHENKO, H.;

ZAHORODNIA, L. The dominant features of the internet linguistics. Revista Entrelínguas, Araraquara, v. 7, n. 00, e021115, 2021. e-ISSN: 2447-3529. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v7i00.15954


Submitted: 01/09/2021 Required revisions: 10/10/2021 Approved: 30/11/2021 Published: 17/12/2021