image/svg+xmlFormação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 1 FORMAÇÃO DE ADVÉRBIOS DE MODO NA ANTIGA LÍNGUA RUSSA (EXEMPLIFICADOS POR TEXTOS LITERÁRIOS DOS SÉCULOS VI-XVI) FORMACIÓN DE LOS ADVERBIOS DE MODO EN EL LENGUAJE RUSO ANTIGUO (COMO SE EJEMPLA EN LOS TEXTOS LITERARIOS DE LOS SIGLOS VI-XVI) FORMATION OF ADVERBS OF MANNER IN THE OLD RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY LITERARY TEXTS OF THE 6TH-16TH CENTURIES) Sergey SHСHERBINA1Ivan MAZANKO2Elena ALTABAYEVA3Tamara KOVINA4Elena GANINA5RESUMO: O estudo comprova que o método prefixal é a principal forma de formação de advérbios de modo na língua russa antiga. O ensino de historiadores da linguagem sobre a formação de advérbios do russo antigo é baseado em uma ideia estável sobre a adverbialização contínua ou incompleta de combinações preposicional-substantivas ou preposicional-atributivas. Esse ponto de vista sobre os advérbios afetou a cobertura histórica dessa parte do discurso não apenas na pesquisa acadêmica, mas também na literatura educacional. Os advérbios de modo, que são componentes gramaticais e lexicais integrais da língua russa, ainda não foram objeto de pesquisa.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Língua russa antiga. Textos literários em russo antigo. Advérbios de modo. Partes do discurso.RESUMEN: El estudio demuestra que el método prefijo es la forma principal de formar adverbios de modo en el idioma ruso antiguo. La enseñanza de los historiadores de la lengua sobre la formación de adverbios en ruso antiguo se basa en una idea estable sobre la adverbialización continua o incompleta de combinaciones preposicionales-sustantivas o preposicionales-atributivas. Este punto de vista sobre los adverbios afectó la cobertura histórica de esta parte del discurso no solo en la investigación académica sino también en la 1Universidade Russa de Transportes (MIIT), Moscou – Rússia. Professor Associado do Departamento de Russo e Línguas Estrangeiras.Doutor em Filologia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7869-8566. E-mail: qerbina@mail.ru 2Universidade Agrária Estatal Russa - Moscou Timiryazev Academia Agrícola, Moscou – Rússia. Professor Associado do Russo como língua estrangeira e disciplinas teóricas gerais. Candidato de Filologia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-9910. E-mail: if42@yandex.ru 3Universidade Pedagógica Estatal de Moscou (MPSU), Moscou – Rússia. Professor do Departamento de Língua Russa. Médico de Filologia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6185-5801. E-mail: evaltabayeva@mail.ru 4Universidade Russa de Transportes (MIIT), Moscou – Rússia. Professor Associado do Departamento de Russo e Línguas Estrangeiras.Candidato de Filologia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-230X. E-mail: tpkovina@mail.ru 5Universidade Financeira sob o Governo da Federação Russa, Moscou - Rússia. Professor do Departamento de Formação Linguística. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-3835. E-mail: eganina@fa.ru
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 2 literatura educativa. Los adverbios de modo, que son componentes integrales gramaticales y léxicos del idioma ruso, aún no han sido objeto de investigación. PALABRAS CLAVE:Lengua rusa antigua. Textos literarios en ruso antiguo. Adverbios de modo. Partes de la oración.ABSTRACT:The study proves that the prefixal method is the main way of forming adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language. The teaching of language historians about the formation of Old Russian adverbs is based on a stable idea about the ongoing or incomplete adverbialization of prepositional-substantive or prepositional-attributive combinations. This viewpoint on adverbs affected the historical coverage of this part of speech not only in academic research but also in educational literature. Adverbs of manner, which are integral grammatical and lexical components of the Russian language, have not yet been a research subject. KEYWORDS: Old Russian language. Literary texts in Old Russian. Adverbs of manner. Parts of speech.Introdução A formação de um advérbio como parte da fala é apresentada nos livros didáticos "de forma limitada" e separada, de acordo com o "pequeno número de advérbios", principalmente na forma de raciocínio geral de que combinações de preposições com substantivos e adjetivos devem sofrer adverbialização para desempenhar a função de advérbios (BORKOVSKII; KUZNETSOV, 1965). No entanto, fontes escritas da língua russa antiga refutam esses julgamentos. Eles são consistentes apenas com a opinião do acadêmico A.A. Shakhmatov (1941, p. 426), que acreditava que os advérbios primários em russo representavam substantivos com uma função sintática transformada: "Um substantivo nos casos nominativo e objetivo torna-se um advérbio quando recebe o significado de uma circunstância em uma frase". Compartilhando a opinião de Shakhmato sobre as condições e razões para a formação deadvérbios na língua russa antiga e apoiando outros estudiosos, chamamos o grupo mais antigo de advérbios de advérbios primários. Como o estudo mostrou, este último atuou como base para advérbios secundários formados com a ajuda de um prefixo. Se compararmos advérbios primários e secundários, há uma clara continuidade de formação de palavras entre as formas antigas e novas. Compare: ночи/nochi("à noite") "И пришедъши нощи, они же устрѢмивьшеся, поимавъше оружья, поидоша на нь [Andrey Bogolyubsky] яко звѢрье свѢрьпии/Assim que a noite caiu, eles correram e pegaram armas, foram para o príncipe, como
image/svg+xmlFormação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 3 animais selvagens" (SHAKHMATOV, 1908a, p. 638) → въночи /вънощи/vnochi/vnoschi("à noite") И пришедъши внощи, они же устрѢмивьшеся, поимавъше оружие, поидоша на нь [AndreAndre y Bogolyubsky], яко звѢрье сверѢпии, и идущимъ к ложници его/Assim que a noite caiu, eles correram e pegaram armas, foram para o quarto do príncipe, como animais selvagens (SHAKHMATOV, 1908a, p. 586);верхъ/verkh("acima, no topo")Того же лѢта Немци убиша шесть человекъ опочанъ бортниковъ, убиша на нашеи земли, а инвъ, убиша на нашеи земли, а иннъ и Немци к ОпочкуверхъУскѢ, а посекше и пожгоша все/ Nesse mesmo verão, os alemães mataram seis pessoas de apicultores, cortaram-nas em nossa terra e depois subiram o rio Usk até Opochka, destruíram e queimaram tudo (NASONOV, 1955b, p. 124) въверхъ/vverkh("acima, nos alcances superiores")Того же лѢта НѢмцы убиша 6-ти человекъ опочанъ бортниковъ, убиша на нашеи земли, а инн, а и НѢмцы к Опочку вверхъ Уске, а посѢкше и пожгоша все/Nesse mesmo verão, os alemães mataram seis pessoas dos apicultores, cortaram-nas em nossa terra e depois subiram o rio Usk para Opochka, destruíram e queimaram tudo (NASONOV, 1955a). O método prefixal foi a principal forma de formação de advérbios de lugar e tempo (ALTABAEVA; MAZANKO; SHCHERBINA, 2022; SHCHERBINA; MAZANKO; SKVORTSOV, 2020). Métodos No âmbito desta pesquisa, definimos as seguintes tarefas: 1) Atualizar o termo advérbios primáriosintroduzidos por Shakhmatov dentro dos estudos históricos russos modernos; 2) Estudar a formação de advérbios de maneira na língua russa antiga do ponto de vista histórico. Métodos de pesquisa: para interpretar as unidades estudadas, utilizou-se a formação de palavras e a análise morfêmica em sincronia e diacronia, análise comparativa e contextual, o que permite distinguir entre advérbios e formas homônimas.
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 4 Resultados e discussão Como os advérbios de lugar e tempo, os advérbios de maneira são formados a partir de advérbios primários com a ajuda de prefixos. Por exemplo, advérbios secundários въкупѢ накупѢ/vkuppenakup, купьно/kupno, накупь/nakup, накупы/nakupy, вкупь/vkup, насъвокупѢ/nasvokup, насъвокупь/nasvokup, наскупь/naskup, incluídos em um grupo de palavras cognatas que significam " juntos", são o produto da formação de palavras prefixais: advérbios como купѢ/купьsão formados a partir do advérbio primário usando o prefixo apropriado ("Купа/kupa. Pilha de substantivos, pilha"; " ВкупѢ/vkup. Advérbio Juntos"; " Купно/kupno. Advérbio Conectado" (LEPEKHIN et al., 1792, p. 1066)). Aqui estão os dados reais: 1) Накупь/nakup("juntos") ← на + купь ("И по литургии вься братия и обедаша вси накупь иия праздьноваша праздьньство/De acordo com a liturgia, todos os irmãos se reuniram para jantar e celebraram sua festa" (KOTKOV, 1971, p. 235)); 2) Наскупь/naskup("juntos") ← на+ скупь("И отпѢвше литургию, обѢдаша братья наскупь, кождо с бояры своими/Depois de cantar a liturgia, os irmãos comeram junto com os boiardos"); 3) ВъкупѢ/vkup("juntos") въ + купѢ ("И по литургии вся братия идоша съ бояры съ своими коиждо , и обѢдаша вкупѢсъ любовию/Segundo a liturgia, todos os irmãos se juntavam aos boiardos e jantavam juntos com amor" (KARSKII, 1926, p. 31)); 4) НасъвокупѢ/nasvokup("juntos ") ← на + съ + вкупѢ ("ОтпѢвши литургию, обѢдаша братьянасъвокупе, кождо со бояры своими/Tendo celebrado a liturgia, os irmãos jantaram juntos com boiardos" (IROSHNIKOV, KUKUSHKINA, LOURIÉ, 1989)). Todos esses advérbios transmitem o mesmo significado. Em 20 de maio de 1072, os filhos de Jaroslau, o Sábio, o Metropolita Jorge e monásticos se reuniram em Kiev, apesar de sua hostilidade, para transferir as relíquias dos santos portadores da Paixão Bóris e Gleb para uma nova igreja de pedra. O evento terminou com uma refeição amigável. Os advérbios acima mencionados são frequentemente usados, exceto para накупы/nakupy("de todos os lados, juntos, ao mesmo tempo"): Ему [Титу] же и юнѢишии отвѢщаша. Да приступимъ къ стѢнамъ накупы, и не стѢрпять июдѢи нашего пришествиа,погрузять бо ся нашими стрѢлами/Ele [Tito] dirigiu-se aos jovens. Passemos às paredes. Os judeus não suportarão nossa vinda e serão cobertos com uma chuva de nossas flechas! (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 390). Na estrutura dos advérbios, é necessário distinguir entre diacronia e sincronia. Se o princípio da "comparação consecutiva de bases motivadoras e motivadas" for violado, conexões incorretas de formação de palavras são estabelecidas.
image/svg+xmlFormação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 5 Em particular, a "Gramática Acadêmica" (1952) inclui advérbios como "à maneira russa" ou "de maneira feminina" na categoria de advérbios formados a partir de adjetivos com base na análise morfêmica (VINOGRADOV, 1952, p. 396-408). Na verdade, eles são formados através do método derivacional "prefixo + advérbio primário", incluindo advérbios primários женьскы/zhensky, русьскы/rusky,печенѢжьскы/pechenzhsky, скотьскы/skotsky, мирьскы/mirskycomo base geradora e o prefixo по-/po-como formante de formação de palavras: "Аще мужа два биетася женьскы,любо одереть или укусить, митрополиту 12 гривенъ/Se dois homens lutam entre si como mulheres, arranhando e mordendo, então terão que pagar 12 hryvniasem favor do metropolita" (NASONOV, 1950, p. 483); А Древляне живяху звѢриньскимъ образом, живуще скотьски, убиваху другу друга, ядяху вся наху чисто, и брака у нихъ не бываше, но умыкиваху у воды девиця/E os Drevlyans viviam como animais e animais: matavam-se uns aos outros, comiam tudo o que era impuro, e não tinham esposas, mas sequestravam meninas junto à água (KARSKII, 1926, p. 13); Придоша печенѢзи ... изнемогаху же людье гладомъ и водою ... И единъ отрокъ ... изиде изъ града с уздою и ристаша сквозѢ Печенеги, глаголя: не видѢ ли коня никто же, бѢ бо умѢяпеченѢжьски/Quando os pechenegues vieram ... o povo estava exausto de fome e sede... E um jovem... saiu da cidade com um freio e atravessou os pechenegues, perguntando "Alguém viu o cavalo?" e agindo como um pechenegue (KARSKII, 1926, p. 66). Este tipo derivacional pode explicar a presença de variantes como рыцарски/rytsarski e по-рыцарски/po-rytsarski(cavalheirescamente), дружески/druzheski e по-дружески/po-druzheski(amigável), etc. na linguagem moderna. Um grupo léxico-semântico bastante numeroso com o seme crucial "secretamente" não evitou erros na identificação de vários métodos de formação: таи/tai, отаи/otai, вътаи/vtai, потаи/potai, опотаи/opotai, въпотаи/vpotai, вътаѢ/vta, вътаю/vtayu, таинѢ/tain, вътаинѢ /vtain, отаинѢ /otain, таино/taino, отаино/otaino, вътаино/vtaino, вътаину/vtainu, таевнѢ/taevn, таемъ/taem, вътаяхъ/vtayakh, вътаѢ/vta, вътаиныхъ /vtainykh . Unidades deste grupo entraram ativamente em numerosas linhas sinônimas (безъвѢсти/bezvsti, безвѢстьно/bezvstno, изъгономъ/izgonom, искрадомъ/iskradom, вънезаапу/vnezaapu, изънезапы/iznezapy, изъневѢсти/iznevsti, изъневѢсть/iznevst, въскрытѢ/vskryt, въприкрытѢ /vprikryt, въскровѢ/vskrov, невѢдомо/nevdomo, наединѢ/naedin, etc.) e relações antônimas com o advérbio явѢ/yav. Por exemplo, отаи/otaiявѢ/yav:
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 6 Они тогда не пакостяху вамявѢ("abertamente"), но отаи, съ блюдениемъ("cuidadosamente")/Eles não farão truques sujos para você abertamente, mas sim sorrateiramente. НынѢ же, видяще непокорьство ваше и безстудство, губять и плѢняють вас явѢ/Vendo sua desobediência e impudência, elas o destroem e cativam na realidade (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 275). A compreensão insuficiente dos tipos de advérbios de formação de palavras do russo antigo e da história derivacional do advérbio втайне/vtaine(secretamente) resultou no fato de que ele foi incluído em dois derivados: 1) derivado de substantivos; 2) derivado de adjetivos, com a ressalva de que se trata de um "tipo improdutivo" (SHVEDOVA, 1970). O advérbio "secretamente" é um exemplo clássico da teoria da adverbialização: "Tais advérbios ... como втайне/vtaine, въяве/vyave, вкупе/vkupe(secretamente, abertamente, juntos) ... formaram-se usando diferentes substantivos com preposições" (PESHKOVSKII, 2001, p. 99). A.M. Peshkovskii (2001, p. 140, 143) quis dizer esses advérbios quando escreveu que o processo de sua formação era claro "sem um mecanismo especial de pesquisa". Expandindo a lista de advérbios "óbvios", o professor V.A. Trofimov (1957, p. 233) repetiu a ideia de Peshkovskii sobre os métodos de sua formação: "Combinações adverbiais preposicionais, fundidas em uma forma estável, têm uma estrutura bastante clara". V.V. Vinogradov (1986, p. 285) incluiu a palavra "secretamente" nas combinações de "preposição e caso preposicional-local". De fato, o advérbio "vtaine" (em segredo) nunca foi uma combinação preposicional въ тайнѢ/v tain. Foi formado através de um tipo como "prefixo + advérbio primário". Na língua russa antiga, muitos advérbios tinham dois sufixos (-Ѣ- e – О-) e duas formas: вѢрнѢ/vrn – вѢрно/vrno (com razão), душевнѢ/dushevn – душевно/dushevno(sinceramente), радостнѢ/radostn радостно/radostno(alegremente), мужественнѢ/muzhestvenn мужественно/muzhestvenno(viril), добровольнѢ/dobrovoln добровольно/dobrovolno(voluntariamente), явнѢ/yavn явно/yavno(claramente), келеинѢ/keleinкелеино /keleino (calmamente), хорошѢ/khorosh хорошо/khorosho (bem). Vamos comparar: 1) МужественьнѢ/muzhestvenn("corajosamente")"Зустунея ... нападе на туркимужественѢ/Zustuneya ... corajosamente atacou os turcos" (NOROV, 1856, p. 134); 1) Мужественьно/muzhestvenno("corajosamente")"Зустунея ... биющеся с турки ... храбро имужественьно/Zustuneya ... lutando com os turcos ... com coragem e coragem" (PERESVETOV, 1956, p. 129); 2) РазличьнѢ/razlichn("diferente")[Príncipe Oleg sobre os gregos capturados]
image/svg+xmlFormação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 7 [...] их же яша, многия томления и муки нанесе, единых бо разсѢкаху, другия же разстрѢляху, иныхъ же различнѢ мучаху, иныхъ въ море въметаху/eles experimentaram muitas tristezas e tormentos, alguns deles foram abatidos, os outros foram fuzilados, torturados de diferentes maneiras, jogados no mar (ANKHIMYUK; ZAVADSKAYA, 2003, p. 30); 2) Различьно/razlichno("diferente")[Príncipe Igor sobre os gregos capturados][...] различно томяху: овѢхъ разътинаху, иныя стрѢлами разстрѢляху, инымъ опакъ руцѢ сляху, инымъ опакъ руцѢ сляху, инымъ опакъ руцѢ сляху, инымъ опакъ руцѢ скѣ сно ромяху: овѢхъ разстрѢляху: овѢхъ разстрѢляху, иныя стспакъ руцѢ слично томяху: овѢхъязавше,изъламляху, инымъ гвозды посредѢ главъ въбиваху /os destinos dos prisioneiros diferiam: alguns foram crucificados, os outros foram baleados com flechas, tiveram as mãos torcidas, foram amarrados e pregados diretamente na cabeça (ANKHIMYUK; ZAVADSKAYA, 2003, p. 31). Considerando a alternância de sufixos, há uma conexão direta de formação de palavras entre as formas de palavras вътаинѢ/vtain, вътаино/vtaino(derivadas com o uso do prefixo въ-) e as formas advérbios таинѢ/tain, таино/taino, em vez de substantivos: [Тевтивила] [...] прияша Рижани с великою честью ... УвѢдавъ же се Миндого, яко хотять ему помогати .... вся вои Рижкая и, убоявся, посла таинѢко АндрѢеви, мастеру Рижьску и ... послалъ бо бѢ злата много и сребра ... рекыи: ащь убьеши ... Тевтивила и еще болша сих приимеши/[Tautvilas] de Riga foi recebido com grande honra... Tendo encontrado Mindaugas, ele agiu como se quisesse ajudá-lo... Com medo, ele secretamente enviou o embaixador para Andrei, o mestre de Riga, e ... lubrificou-o com fluxos de ouro e prata para evitar matar... Tautvilas teria trazido muito mais esforço (SHAKHMATOV, 1908b, p. 558); Молишеся ту бувтаинѢ/Deveis rezar secretamente"; "Анди бекъвтайнеговорилъ/Andi falava secretamente"; "Вели, государь, меня втаино спрошатьпроихъ богомерскую ересь/Permita-me, senhor, perguntar-lhes secretamente sobre sua heresia profana (BARKHUDAROV, 1976, p. 164). Tais advérbios como отаи/otai, вътаи/vtaiderivaram do advérbio primário тай/taida mesma maneira. Este status foi atribuído à palavra pelo Dicionário da Academia Russa, publicado sob o patrocínio de Catarina, a Grande: Advérbio taisignifica secretamente, secretamente, implicitamente, silenciosamente. Тогда Иродъ тай призва волхвы/Então Herodes secretamente convocou os magos. Advérbio
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 8 otaisignifica calmamente, de forma não notável. Воста Давид и обрѢза воскрыл i е Саулаотай/David levantou-se e cortou secretamente a bainha de Saul(LEPEKHIN et al., 1794, p. 9). Sendo arcaicos, advérbios como вътаи/vtai, отаи/otai("secretamente”) foram substituídos por таино/tainoem listas posteriores: "Того же лѢта Пиминъ митрополитъ втаи поиде коЦарюграду /No mesmo ano, Pimen, o Metropolita de Moscou, visitou secretamente Tsargrado" (SERBINA, 1977, p. 64) → "No mesmo ano, lado Metropolita Pimin ... taino, desconhecido em Tsargrad" → "Того же лѢта митрополитъ Пиминъ съиде ... таино, безвѢсти в Царьградъ/No mesmo ano, Pimin, o Metropolita de Moscou, secretamente e incógnito visitou Csargrado" (BOBROV; DMITRIEVA, 2002, p. 158); И отаи съвокупляхуся Антипатръ, и Ферора, и жены ... пиахуть всю нощь, не пустя к собѢ ни раба, ни свободна, ни мужска полу, ни женьска/Sob uma mortalha de mistério, Antipater, Pheroras e suas esposas copularam a noite toda..., não deixando entrar nem um escravo nem homens livres (masculino e feminino) (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 230) → "ТѢмь же и Антипатръ, пред очима отьчима сваряшется съ Феророю, и съвокупление же имъ бяше таино внощи/Diante dos olhos de seu padrasto, Antipater briga com Pheroras sobre diversões secretas à noite" (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 227). O Dicionário da Academia Russa qualifica a palavra таемъ/taemcomo um substantivo na forma de um advérbio que significa “secretamente, secretamente"(ДѢлать чтотайкомъ/Faça algo em segredo. Прiидоша таемъ подъ станы ихъ/Nós secretamente nos infiltramos em seus acampamentos). No entanto, o dicionário também contém formas como отай/otaie тайно/taino(LEPEKHIN et al., 1794, p. 9). A transformação de um advérbio em um substantivo é provocada por uma forma semelhante do caso instrumental de substantivos masculinos e neutros com um caule sólido, flexionado com o uso de -ǒ. No entanto, uma análise contextual das fontes indica que таемъ/taemé um advérbio que é um membro comum do grupo léxico-semântico. Vamos comparar: 1) Таемъ/taem("secretamente")И внезапу п аки безвѢстно приидоша на них по езеру рать в судѢх от Новагорода, ииз суд вышед, приидошатаемъподстаны их ... сорожи ... възвѢстиша воеводам / De repente, sem deixar vestígios, chegamos a eles do outro lado do lago para arbitrar nos tribunais de Novgorod, e saímos do tribunal, aproximando-nos secretamente de seus acampamentos ... Guardas... chamando os governadores (TIKHOMIROV, 1963, p. 125); 2)Таино/taino("secretamente")
image/svg+xmlFormação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 9 И внезапу приде на них рать безвестно поозеру в судехот Новагорода, и приидоша таино подстаныих ... и сторожи прискочивша и возвестиша воеводам/De repente, um exército veio até eles do outro lado do lago para arbitrar nos tribunais de Novgorod, aproximando-se secretamente de seus acampamentos... e os vigias entraram e anunciaram aos governadores (SERBINA, 1977, p. 122); 3)Таино/taino("secretamente")И внезапу приде на них рать безвестно поозеру в судехот Новагорода, и приидоша таино подстаныих ... и сторожи прискочивша и возвестиша воеводам/De repente, um exército veio até eles do outro lado do lago para arbitrar nos tribunais de Novgorod, aproximando-se secretamente de seus acampamentos... e os vigias entraram e anunciaram aos governadores (SERBINA, 1977, p. 122). O conhecido ditado de Blaise Pascal "O fluxo do tempo leva tudo" também é aplicável aos advérbios: as formas perdidas таемъ/taem, отаи/otai, вътаи/vtaieвънощи/vnoshchisão substituídas por тайкомъ/taikom, ночью/nochyu. Na língua russa antiga, não havia forma тайкомъ/taikom.Foi formado a partir do advérbio primário тай/taina virada dos séculos 17 e 18, quando o sufixo –комъ- foi ativado na formação de palavras de advérbios e quando muitos advérbios deste grupo se revelaram arcaicos no sistema de novas formas gramaticais e um novo sistema semântico. Vamos comparar: И яко послаша епископа по сына его и много лѢпших людеи, а Святославу рѢша: а ты пожди брата, тоже поидеши/Enviando um bispo atrás de seu filho e de outras pessoas estúpidas, Svyatoslav respondeu: Se você tem um irmão, vá atrás dele também; он же убоявся новогородцевъ: 'аще мя прѢльстивше имуть', и бѢжа отаи вънощи и Якунъ с нимибѢжа/tendo medo dos cidadãos de Novgorod, "se for mais preferível", eles fugiram à noite e Yakun correu com eles (1141) (NASONOV, 1950, p. 211) → Внезапная смерть Пушкина расстроилаего планы, но он [Краевский] по крайней мере был утешен тем, что протё рся-таки хоть к гробу Пушкина и вместе с друзьями поэта и жандармами тайком , ночьювыносил гроб из квартиры/A morte súbita de Pushkin perturbou seus planos, mas ele [Kraevsky] pelo menos foi consolado pelo fato de que ele encontrou o caminho para o caixão de Pushkin e, junto com os amigos do poeta e os gendarmes, secretamente carregou o caixão para fora do apartamento à noite (1861) (PANAEV, 1988, p. 125).
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 10 O uso do sufixo –комъ- (kom) na formação de advérbios de maneira lança dúvidas sobre as crenças científicas sobre a possível formação de advérbios como нагишом/nagishom (nu), босиком/bosikom (descalço), пешком/peshkom (a pé), ничком/nichkom (virado para baixo), торчком /torchkom (vertical) a partir de substantivos. De fato, os estudiosos afirmam que "... tais substantivos não haviam preservado não apenas na língua moderna e também na língua russa antiga" (IVANOV, 1983, p. 366). No entanto, "não há dúvida de que tais substantivos existiram no passado, uma vez que os advérbios não são um fenômeno vivo, mas um armazenamento de palavras remanescentes" (CHERNYKH, 1962, p. 291). Há um certo paradoxo: o significado dos advérbios reais é interpretado através de substantivos desatualizados. Neste caso, a linha de raciocínio é a seguinte. A expressão morfêmica dos advérbios nagishom, bosikom, peshkom, nichkom e torchkom é semelhante à expressão material dos substantivos no caso instrumental. Portanto, esses advérbios são formados a partir dos substantivos perdidos нагиш/nagish, босик/bosik(SOBINNIKOVA, 1967, p. 167), пешок/peshok, ничёк/nichek, торчёк/torchek(IVANOV, 1983, p. 367). Este é um caminho falso, uma vez que se baseia não na análise de fontes, mas na percepção associativa do material factual. Estes advérbios foram formados a partir de advérbios primários com a ajuda do sufixo комъ : 1) босъ/bos/боси/bosi"descalço" + комъ/kom/омъ/om → босикомъ/bosikom("Се бо лицемѢрие есть, еже чюжыя надѢляти сироты, а родъ свой или челядь, назибоси, или голодни/É hipocrisia se alguém ajuda órfãos, mas sua própria família ou servos estão descalços ou com fome" (BARKHUDAROV, 1975, p. 301); "Афонасьюшко ... до иночества бродилъ босикомъ же, в одной рубашке и зиму и лѢто/Antes de se tornar monge, Afonasyushko ... vagara descalço, de camisa igual tanto no inverno quanto no verão" (BARKHUDAROV, 1975, p. 301)); 2) наго/nago ("nu") + омъ/om → нагишомъ/nagishom("Сантановъ , которыенагоходятъ ...здѢ въ КаирѢ зѢло много есть/Santanov, que andou nu ... dizia que há muitas coisas no Cairo" (FILIN, 1983, p. 50); "А ихде з дороги, завѢтчи в лѢсъ, связали, черкашенина нагишомъ, а жену в рубашке, порознь /Eles estavam amarrados, um Cherkashenin nu e sua esposa de camisa, separada" (FILIN, 1983, p. 47)); 3) ничь/nich/ницъ/nits ("face down") + - комъ/kom→ ничкомъ /nichkom("face ao chão, parte de trás da cabeça para cima")("И что взяли, того она не видала, для того что держали еѢ наполу ничь/O que a levaram, ela não viu nada, pois estava no chão de bruços" (SHMELEV, 1986); "Онъ поскользнулся и упалъ ничкомъ, в передъ, носомъ въземлю/Ele
image/svg+xmlFormação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 11 escorregou e caiu de bruços, com o nariz no chão" (DAL, 1979, p. 546)); 4) пѢши/pshi/пѢшь/psh ("a pé")+ - комъ/com → пѢшкомъ/pshkom(И заутра Ольга, сѢдящи в теремѢ, посла по гости ... Они же ркоша: не Ѣдемъ на конехъ, ни на возѢхъ, ни пѢшьидемъ, но понесите ны в лодьи/De manhã, Olga, sentada na torre , enviou um embaixador... A resposta é a seguinte: não vamos a cavalo, não vamos em carroça, vamos em barco (SHAKHMATOV, 1908b, p. 576); "Вражда бабе с мешкомъ, что не ходить онпешкомъ/Toda mulher que carrega uma bolsa fica triste com o fato de não andar a pé" (BOGATOV, 1989, p. 45)); 5) торчь/tocha ("vertical")+ - комъ/comторчкомъ/torchkom/торчмя/torchmya("Ставь тюкъ, бочку торчь (торчью)/Coloque o fardo, enfie o barril" (DAL, 1980, p. 42а 1); "Ножницыторчкомъ въполъ воткнулись/A tesoura presa na vertical no chão; " Торчмяголовой упалъ/Ele caiu com a cabeça erguida" (DAL, 1980, p. 421)). Depois de desenvolver a capacidade de designar um sinal de ação e apontar para ele, os advérbios tornaram-se uma parte independente da fala. A prova é o seu uso ativo em todos os tipos de textos literários que refletiam o nível de reivindicações intelectuais e ideias religiosas dos eslavos orientais, regulavam a interação econômica, legal, moral e ética da comunidade russa antiga. Em particular, as leis judiciais são preenchidas com diferentes categorias de advérbios que poderiam ser usados regularmente ou esporadicamente na fala cotidiana, por exemplo: "Аще скотъвнощипроламляетъ плоты ... да устрѢлить стрѢлою.../À noite, assim que esta escória rompeu as jangadas..., eles começaram a atirar flechas..." (NANOSOV, 1950, p. 503); Аще жена иметь опроче мужа своего ... ходити по игрищамъ въдни иливънощи, а мужь иметь съчивати, а онане послушаетъ разлучити ю/Se uma esposa visita jogos durante o dia ou à noite sem o acompanhamento do marido e sem a permissão dele, e não cumpre as proibições do marido de fazer isso (SHCHAPOV, 1976, p. 99); "А в поборъ, и ... подводы митрополичимъ людемъ помагати постаринѢ, какъперво сегопомагали исстарины/Em caso de luta... as carroças do metropolita sempre ajudavam as pessoas, como antes, nos velhos tempos" (SHCHAPOV, 1976, p. 180); "Аще ли двѢ женѢ бѢсита блуда ради, лѢзучи накупъ (накупѢ), творящи иже е ужь едина, а другое женою, да ся биють обѢ посту/Se um homem tem duas esposas por causa da e do uso do dinheiro, a outra esposa deve bater no marido" (NASONOV, 1950, p. 504). Conclusão
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 12 Analisamos a formação de advérbios de maneira e concluímos que nossos resultados contrariaram a opinião de alguns estudiosos que atribuíram advérbios não aos fenômenos vivos da linguagem, mas a um grupo de "palavras remanescentes". Ao longo do desenvolvimento da língua russa, a principal maneira de formar advérbios de maneira tem sido o método do prefixo, ou seja, esquema de formação de palavras "prefixo + advérbio primário → advérbio secundário". Dentro deste esquema, um advérbio polissêmico primário se transformou em um novo advérbio monossêmico devido ao formante de formação de palavras acima mencionado. REFERÊNCIAS ALTABAEVA, E. V.; MAZANKO, I. F.; SHCHERBINA, S. I. K voprosu ob obrazovanii narechii mesta v drevnerusskom yazyke [The formation of adverbs of place in the Old Russian language]. Neofilologiya, v. 8, n. 29, p. 5-14, 2022. ANKHIMYUK, Yu. V.; ZAVADSKAYA, S. V. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL)[The complete collection of the Russian chronicles]. Saint Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2003.BARKHUDAROV, S. G. Slovar russkogo yazyka XI - XVII vv [The dictionary of the Russian language of the 6th-17thcenturies]. Issue 1. Moscow: Nauka, 1975.BARKHUDAROV, S. G. Slovar russkogo yazyka XI - XVII vv[The dictionary of the Russian language of the 6th-17thcenturies]. Issue 3. Moscow: Nauka, 1976.BOGATOV, G. A. Slovar russkogo yazyka XI - XVII vv[The Russian dictionary of the 6th-17thcenturies]. Moscow: Nauka, 1989. BORKOVSKII, V. I.; KUZNETSOV, P. S. Istoricheskaya grammatika russkogo yazyka[The historical grammar of the Russian language]. Moscow: Nauka, 1965.CHERNYKH, P. Ya. Istoricheskaya grammatika russkogo yazyka[The historical grammar of the Russian language]. Moscow: Uchpedgiz, 1962.DAL, V. I. Tolkovyi slovar zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka[The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language]. Moscow: Russkii yazyk, 1979.DAL, V. I. Tolkovyi slovar zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka[The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language]. Moscow: Russkii yazyk, 1980.FILIN, F. P. Slovar russkogo yazyka XI - XVII vv[The dictionary of the Russian language of the 6th-17thcenturies]. Editor-in-chief. Issue 10. Moscow: Nauka, 1983.
image/svg+xmlFormação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 13 IROSHNIKOV, M. P.; KUKUSHKINA, M. V.; LOURIÉ, I. S. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL) [The complete collection of the Russian chronicles]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1989. IVANOV, V. V. Istoricheskaya grammatika russkogo yazyka[The historical grammar of the Russian language]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1983.KARSKII, I. F. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL)[The complete collection of the Russian chronicles]. Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1926-1928. KOTKOV, S. I. Uspenskii sbornik XII-XIII vv [The Uspensky Collection of the 7th-13thcenturies]. Moscow: Nauka, 1971.LEPEKHIN, I. I. et al.Slovar Akademii Rossiiskoi[The dictionary of the Russian Academy]. Saint Petersburg: Imperatorskaya Akademiya Nauk, 1792. pt. 3LEPEKHIN, I. I. et al.Slovar Akademii Rossiiskoi[The dictionary of the Russian Academy]. Saint Petersburg: Imperatorskaya Akademiya Nauk, 1794. pt, 6, 600 p. MESHCHERSKII, N. A. Istoriya iudeiskoi voiny Iosifa Flaviya v drevnerusskom perevode [Flavius Josephus's Books of the History of the Jewish War in the Old Russian translation]. Moscow-Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1958. NASONOV, A. N. Novgorodskaya pervaya letopis starshego i mladshego izvodov[The Novgorod First Chronicle of Elder and Younger Recensions]. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1950.NASONOV, A. N. Pskovskie letopisi. Stroevskii spisok[Pskov chronicles. Stroevsky list]. Issue 2. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1955a.NASONOV, A. N. Pskovskie letopisi. Arkhivskii spisok[Pskov chronicles. Archivsky list]. Issue 2. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1955b.NOROV, A. S. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL)[The complete collection of Russian chronicles]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Eduarda Pratsa, 1856. PANAEV, I. I. Literaturnye vospominaniya[Literary memoirs]. Moscow: Pravda, 1988.PERESVETOV, I. S. Sochineniya[Essays]. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1956.PESHKOVSKII, A. M. Russkii sintaksis v nauchnom osveshchenii[The Russian syntax in scientific aspects]. Moscow: Yaz. slavyan. kultury A. Koshelev, 2001.SERBINA, K. N. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL)[The complete collection of the Russian chronicles]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1977.SHAKHMATOV, A. A. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL)[The complete collection of the Russian chronicles]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. M.A. Aleksandrova, 1908a.
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 14 SHAKHMATOV, A. A. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL)[The complete collection of the Russian chronicles]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. M.A. Aleksandrova, 1908b.SHAKHMATOV, A. A. Sintaksis russkogo yazyka[The syntax of the Russian language]. Leningrad: Uchpedgiz, 1941. SHCHAPOV, Ya. N. Drevnerusskie knyazheskie ustavy XI-XV vv[The Old Russian princely statutes of the 6th-15thcenturies]. Izdanie podgotovleno. Moscow: Nauka, 1976.SHCHERBINA, S. I.; MAZANKO, I. F.; SKVORTSOV, K. V. K voprosu o narechiyakh vremeni v drevnerusskom yazyke [The issue of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language]. Gumanitarnye nauki i obrazovanie, v. 11, n. 3, p. 159-166, 2020. SHMELEV, D. N. Slovar russkogo yazyka XI - XVII vv[The Russian dictionary of the 6th-17thcenturies]. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.SHVEDOVA, N. Yu. Grammatika sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka[The grammar of the modern Russian literary language]. Moscow: Nauka, 1970.SOBINNIKOVA, V. I. Lektsii po istoricheskoi grammatike russkogo yazyka [Lectures on the historical grammar of the Russian language]. Voronezh: Voronezhskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, 1967. TIKHOMIROV, M. N. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL)[The complete collection of the Russian chronicles]. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1963.TROFIMOV, V. A. Sovremennyi russkii literaturnyi yazyk[The modern Russian literary language]. Morfologiya. Leningrad: LGU, 1957.VINOGRADOV, V. V. Russkii yazyk (Grammaticheskoe uchenie o slove)[The Russian language (The grammatical teaching on a word)]. 3. ed. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 1986.
image/svg+xmlFormação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 15 Como referenciar este artigoSHСHERBINA, S.; MAZANKO, I.; ALTABAYEVA, E.; KOVINA, T.; GANINA, E. Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI). Rev. EntreLinguas, Araraquara, v. 8, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 Submetido: 16/05/2022 Revisões requeridas: 28/06/2022 Aprovado: 15/09/2022 Publicado: 10/11/2022 Processamento e editoração: Editora Ibero-Americanade Educação.Revisão, formatação, normalização e tradução.
image/svg+xmlFormation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries) Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 1 FORMATION OF ADVERBS OF MANNER IN THE OLD RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY LITERARY TEXTS OF THE 6TH-16TH CENTURIES) FORMAÇÃO DE ADVÉRBIOS DE MODO NA ANTIGA LÍNGUA RUSSA (EXEMPLIFICADOS POR TEXTOS LITERÁRIOS DOS SÉCULOS VI-XVI) FORMACIÓN DE LOS ADVERBIOS DE MODO EN EL LENGUAJE RUSO ANTIGUO (COMO SE EJEMPLA EN LOS TEXTOS LITERARIOS DE LOS SIGLOS VI-XVI) Sergey SHСHERBINA1Ivan MAZANKO2Elena ALTABAYEVA3Tamara KOVINA4Elena GANINA5ABSTRACT:The study proves that the prefixal method is the main way of forming adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language. The teaching of language historians about the formation of Old Russian adverbs is based on a stable idea about the ongoing or incomplete adverbialization of prepositional-substantive or prepositional-attributive combinations. This viewpoint on adverbs affected the historical coverage of this part of speech not only in academic research but also in educational literature. Adverbs of manner, which are integral grammatical and lexical components of the Russian language, have not yet been a research subject. KEYWORDS: Old Russian language. Literary texts in Old Russian. Adverbs of manner. Parts of speech.RESUMO: O estudo comprova que o método prefixal é a principal forma de formação de advérbios de modo na língua russa antiga. O ensino de historiadores da linguagem sobre a formação de advérbios do russo antigo é baseado em uma ideia estável sobre a adverbialização contínua ou incompleta de combinações preposicional-substantivas ou preposicional-atributivas. Esse ponto de vista sobre os advérbios afetou a cobertura histórica dessa parte do discurso não apenas na pesquisa acadêmica, mas também na literatura educacional. Os 1Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow – Russia. Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages.Doctor of Philology. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7869-8566. E-mail: qerbina@mail.ru 2Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow – Russia. Associate Professor of the Russian as a foreign language and general theoretical disciplines. Candidate of Philology. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-9910. E-mail: if42@yandex.ru 3Moscow State Pedagogical University (MPSU), Moscow – Russia. Professor of the Department of the Russian Language. Doctor of Philology. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6185-5801. E-mail: evaltabayeva@mail.ru 4Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow – Russia. Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages.Candidate of Philology. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-230X. E-mail: tpkovina@mail.ru 5Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow – Russia. Professor of the Language Training Department. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-3835. E-mail: eganina@fa.ru
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 2 advérbios de modo, que são componentes gramaticais e lexicais integrais da língua russa, ainda não foram objeto de pesquisa.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Língua russa antiga. Textos literários em russo antigo. Advérbios de modo. Partes Do Discurso.RESUMEN: El estudio demuestra que el método prefijo es la forma principal de formar adverbios de modo en el idioma ruso antiguo. La enseñanza de los historiadores de la lengua sobre la formación de adverbios en ruso antiguo se basa en una idea estable sobre la adverbialización continua o incompleta de combinaciones preposicionales-sustantivas o preposicionales-atributivas. Este punto de vista sobre los adverbios afectó la cobertura histórica de esta parte del discurso no solo en la investigación académica sino también en la literatura educativa. Los adverbios de modo, que son componentes integrales gramaticales y léxicos del idioma ruso, aún no han sido objeto de investigación. PALABRAS CLAVE:Lengua rusa antigua. Textos literarios en ruso antiguo. Adverbios de modo. Partes de la oración.Introduction The formation of an adverb as a part of speech is presented in textbooks "limitedly" and separately, according to the "small number of adverbs", mainly in the form of general reasoning that combinations of prepositions with nouns and adjectives should undergo adverbialization in order to perform the function of adverbs (BORKOVSKII; KUZNETSOV, 1965). However, written sources of the Old Russian language refute these judgments. They are consistent only with the opinion of Academician A.A. Shakhmatov (1941, p. 426) who believed that primary adverbs in Russian represented nouns with a transformed syntactic function: "A noun in the nominative and objective cases becomes an adverb when it receives the meaning of a circumstance in a sentence". Sharing Shakhmatov’s opinion about conditions and reasons for the formation of adverbs in the Old Russian language and supporting other scholars, we call the oldest group of adverbs primary adverbs. As the study has shown, the latter acted as a basis for secondary adverbs formed with the help of a prefix. If we compare primary and secondary adverbs, there is clear word-formation continuity between the old and new forms. Compare: ночи/nochi("at night") "Ипришедъшинощи,онижеустрѢмивьшеся, поимавъшеоружья, поидошанань[Andrey Bogolyubsky] якозвѢрьесвѢрьпии/As soon as night fell, they ran and grabbed weapons, went to the prince, like wild animals" (SHAKHMATOV, 1908a, p. 638) → въночи/вънощи/vnochi/vnoschi("at night")
image/svg+xmlFormation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries) Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 3 Ипришедъшивнощи, онижеустрѢмивьшеся, поимавъшеоружие, поидошанань[Andrey Bogolyubsky], якозвѢрьесверѢпии, иидущимъкложнициего/As soon as night fell, they ran and grabbed weapons, went to the prince's bedroom, like wild animals (SHAKHMATOV, 1908a, p. 586); верхъ/verkh("above, at the top")ТогожелѢтаНемциубишашестьчеловекъопочанъбортниковъ, убишананашеиземли, аинииНемцикОпочкуверхъУскѢ, апосекшеипожгошавсе/ That same summer, the Germans killed six people from beekeepers, slashed them on our land and then moved up the Usk river to Opochka, destroyed and burned everything (NASONOV, 1955b, p. 124) въверхъ/vverkh("above, in the upper reaches")ТогожелѢтаНѢмцыубиша6-тичеловекъопочанъбортниковъ, убишананашеиземли, аинииНѢмцыкОпочкувверхъУске, апосѢкшеипожгошавсе/That same summer, the Germans killed six people from beekeepers, slashed them on our land and then moved up the Usk river to Opochka, destroyed and burned everything (NASONOV, 1955a). The prefixal method was the main way for forming adverbs of place and time (ALTABAEVA; MAZANKO; SHCHERBINA, 2022; SHCHERBINA; MAZANKO; SKVORTSOV, 2020). Methods Within the framework of this research, we set the following tasks: 1) To update the term primary adverbsintroduced by Shakhmatov within modern historical Russian studies; 2) To study the formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language from the historical viewpoint. Research methods: to interpret the studied units, we used word-formation and morphemic analysis in synchrony and diachrony, comparative and contextual analysis, which allows distinguishing between adverbs and homonymous forms.
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 4 Results and discussion Like adverbs of place and time, adverbs of manner are formed from primary adverbs with the help of prefixes. For example, secondary adverbs въкупѢнакупѢ/vkuppe nakup, купьно/kupno, накупь/nakup, накупы/nakupy, вкупь/vkup, насъвокупѢ/nasvokup, насъвокупь/nasvokup, наскупь/naskup, included in a group of cognate words meaning "together", are the product of prefixal word formation: such adverbs as купѢ/купьare formed from the primary adverb using the appropriate prefix ("Купа/kupa. Noun Pile, heap"; "ВкупѢ/vkup. Adverb Together"; "Купно/kupno. Adverb Connected" (LEPEKHIN et al., 1792, p. 1066)). Here are the actual data: 1) Накупь/nakup("together") ← на+ купь("Иполитургиивьсябратияиобедашавсинакупьипраздьновашапраздьньство/According to the liturgy, all the brethren gathered together for dinner and celebrated their feast" (KOTKOV, 1971, p. 235)); 2) Наскупь/naskup("together") ← на+ скупь("ИотпѢвшелитургию, обѢдашабратьянаскупь, кождосбоярысвоими/After singing the liturgy, the brethren ate together with boyars"); 3) ВъкупѢ/vkup ("together") ← въ+ купѢ("Иполитургиивсябратияидошасъбоярысъсвоимикоиждо, иобѢдашавкупѢсълюбовию/According to the liturgy, all the brethren joined boyars and dined together with love" (KARSKII, 1926, p. 31)); 4) НасъвокупѢ/nasvokup ("together") ← на+ съ+ вкупѢ("ОтпѢвшилитургию, обѢдашабратьянасъвокупе, кождособоярысвоими/Having celebrated the liturgy, the brethren dined together with boyars" (IROSHNIKOV, KUKUSHKINA, LOURIÉ, 1989)). All these adverbs convey the same meaning. On May 20, 1072, the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, Metropolitan George, archimandrites and monastics gathered in Kyiv, despite their hostility, to transfer the holy Passion-bearers Boris and Gleb's relics to a new stone church. The event ended with a friendly meal. The above-mentioned adverbs are frequently used, except for накупы/nakupy("from all sides, together, at the same time"): Ему[Титу] жеиюнѢишииотвѢщаша. ДаприступимъкъстѢнамънакупы,инестѢрпятьиюдѢинашегопришествиа, погрузятьбосянашимистрѢлами/He [Titus] addressed the youth. Let us proceed to the walls. The Jews will not endure our coming and will be covered with a rain of our arrows! (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 390). In the structure of adverbs, it is necessary to distinguish between diachrony and synchrony. If the principle of "consecutive comparison of motivating and motivated bases" is violated, incorrect word-formation connections are established.
image/svg+xmlFormation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries) Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 5 In particular, the "Academic Grammar" (1952) includes such adverbs as "in the Russian way" or "in a feminine way" into the category of adverbs formed from adjectives on the basis of morphemic analysis (VINOGRADOV, 1952, p. 396-408). In fact, they are formed through the derivational method "prefix + primary adverb", including primary adverbs женьскы/zhensky,русьскы/rusky,печенѢжьскы/pechenzhsky,скотьскы/skotsky, мирьскы/mirskyas the generating base and the prefix по-/po-as a word-formation formant: "Ащемужадвабиетасяженьскы,любоодеретьилиукусить, митрополиту12 гривенъ/If two men fight among themselves like women, scratching and biting, then they will have to pay 12 hryvniasin favor of the metropolitan" (NASONOV, 1950, p. 483); АДревлянеживяхузвѢриньскимъобразом, живущескотьски, убивахудругудруга, ядяхувсянечисто, ибракаунихънебываше, ноумыкивахууводыдевиця/And the Drevlyans lived as animals and beasts: they killed each other, ate everything unclean, and they did not have wives, but they kidnapped girls by the water (KARSKII, 1926, p. 13); ПридошапеченѢзи... изнемогахужелюдьегладомъиводою... Иединъотрокъ... изидеизъградасуздоюиристашасквозѢПеченеги, глаголя: невидѢликоняниктоже, бѢбоумѢяпеченѢжьски/When the Pechenegs came ... the people were exhausted with hunger and thirst... And one young man... came out of the city with a bridle and went through the Pechenegs, asking "Did anyone see the horse?" and acting like a Pecheneg (KARSKII, 1926, p. 66). This derivational type can explain the presence of such variants as рыцарски/rytsarskiandпо-рыцарски/po-rytsarski (chivalrously), дружески/druzheskiand по-дружески/po-druzheski(friendly), etc. in modern language. A rather numerous lexical-semantic group with the crucial seme "secretly" did not avoid mistakes in identifying various methods of formation: таи/tai, отаи/otai, вътаи/vtai, потаи/potai, опотаи/opotai, въпотаи/vpotai, вътаѢ/vta, вътаю/vtayu, таинѢ/tain, вътаинѢ/vtain, отаинѢ/otain, таино/taino, отаино/otaino, вътаино/vtaino, вътаину/vtainu, таевнѢ/taevn, таемъ/taem, вътаяхъ/vtayakh, вътаѢ/vta, вътаиныхъ/vtainykh. Units of this group actively entered into numerous synonymous rows (безъвѢсти/bezvsti, безвѢстьно/bezvstno, изъгономъ/izgonom, искрадомъ/iskradom, вънезаапу/vnezaapu, изънезапы/iznezapy, изъневѢсти/iznevsti, изъневѢсть/iznevst, въскрытѢ/vskryt, въприкрытѢ/vprikryt, въскровѢ/vskrov, невѢдомо/nevdomo, наединѢ/naedin, etc.) and antonymous relations with the явѢ/yav adverb. For example, отаи/otaiявѢ/yav:
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 6 ОнитогданепакостяхувамявѢ("openly"),ноотаи, съблюдениемъ("carefully")/They will not do dirty tricks to you openly, but rather sneakily.НынѢже, видященепокорьствовашеибезстудство, губятьиплѢняютьвасявѢ/Seeing your disobedience and impudence, they destroy and captivate you in reality (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 275). The insufficient understanding of the Old Russian word-formation types of adverbs and the derivational history of the втайне/vtaine(secretly) adverb resulted in the fact that it was included into two derivatives: 1) derived from nouns; 2) derived from adjectives, with a reservation that it is an "unproductive type" (SHVEDOVA, 1970). The "secretly" adverb is a classic example of the theory of adverbialization: "Such adverbs ... as втайне/vtaine, въяве/vyave, вкупе/vkupe(secretly, openly, together) ... were formed using different nouns with prepositions" (PESHKOVSKII, 2001, p. 99). A.M. Peshkovskii (2001, p. 140, 143) meant these adverbs when he wrote that the process of their formation was clear "without a special research mechanism". Expanding the list of "obvious" adverbs, Professor V.A. Trofimov (1957, p. 233) repeated Peshkovskii’s idea about the methods of their formation: "Prepositional adverbial combinations, fused into a stable form, have quite a clear structure". V.V. Vinogradov (1986, p. 285) included the "secretly" word into the combinations of "preposition and prepositional-local case". Indeed, the "vtaine" adverb (in secret) has never been a prepositional combination вътайнѢ/v tain. It was formed through such a type as "prefix + primary adverb". In the Old Russian language, many adverbs had two suffixes (-Ѣ-andО-) and two forms: вѢрнѢ/vrnвѢрно/vrno (rightly),душевнѢ/dushevnдушевно/dushevno (sincerely),радостнѢ/radostn радостно/radostno (cheerfully),мужественнѢ/muzhestvennмужественно/muzhestvenno (manly), добровольнѢ/dobrovoln добровольно/dobrovolno (voluntarily),явнѢ/yavnявно/yavno (clearly),келеинѢ/keleinкелеино/keleino (calmly),хорошѢ/khoroshхорошо/khorosho(well). Let us compare: 1) МужественьнѢ/muzhestvenn("courageously")"Зустунея... нападенатуркимужественѢ/Zustuneya ... courageously attacked the Turks" (NOROV, 1856, p. 134); 1) Мужественьно/muzhestvenno("courageously")"Зустунея... биющесястурки... храброимужественьно/Zustuneya ... fighting with the Turks … bravely and courageously" (PERESVETOV, 1956, p. 129); 2) РазличьнѢ/razlichn("differently")[Prince Oleg on the captured Greeks]
image/svg+xmlFormation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries) Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 7 […] ихжеяша, многиятомленияимукинанесе, единыхборазсѢкаху, другияжеразстрѢляху, иныхъжеразличнѢмучаху, иныхъвъморевъметаху/they experienced many sorrows and torments, some of them were slaughtered, the others were shot, tortured in different ways, thrown into the sea (ANKHIMYUK; ZAVADSKAYA, 2003, p. 30); 2) Различьно/razlichno("differently")[Prince Igor on the captured Greeks] […] различнотомяху: овѢхъразътинаху, иныястрѢламиразстрѢляху, инымъопакъруцѢсвязавше, изъламляху, инымъгвоздыпосредѢглавъвъбиваху/the fates of prisoners differed: some were crucified, the others were shot with arrows, got their hands twisted, were tied and nailed right into the head (ANKHIMYUK; ZAVADSKAYA, 2003, p. 31). Considering the alternation of suffixes, there is a direct word-formation connection between the word forms вътаинѢ/vtain,вътаино/vtaino(derived with the use of the въ- prefix) and the adverb forms таинѢ/tain, таино/taino, rather than nouns: [Тевтивила] […] прияшаРижанисвеликоючестью... УвѢдавъ же се Миндого, яко хотять ему помогати .... вся вои Рижкая и, убоявся, посла таинѢко АндрѢеви, мастеру Рижьску и ... послалъ бо бѢ злата много и сребра ... рекыи: ащь убьеши ... Тевтивила и еще болша сих приимеши/[Tautvilas] from Riga was welcomed with great honor… Having encountered Mindaugas, he acted as if he wanted to help him... Being afraid, he secretly sent the ambassador to Andrei, the master of Riga, and ... greased him with flows of gold and silver to avoid killing... Tautvilas would have brought much more effort (SHAKHMATOV, 1908b, p. 558); МолишесятубувтаинѢ/Shall you pray secretly"; "Андибекъвтайнеговорилъ/Andi spoke secretly";"Вели, государь, менявтаиноспрошатьпроихъбогомерскуюересь/Allow me, sire, to secretly ask them about their unholy heresy (BARKHUDAROV, 1976, p. 164). Such adverbs as отаи/otai, вътаи/vtaiderived from the primary adverb тай/taiin the same way. This status was assigned to the word by the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, published under the patronage of Catherine the Great: Adverb taimeans secretly, covertly, implicitly, quietly. ТогдаИродътайпризваволхвы/Then Herod secretly summoned the magi. Adverb otai means calmly, unremarkably. ВостаДавидиобрѢзавоскрылiеСаулаотай/David stood up and secretly cut off Saul's hem(LEPEKHIN et al., 1794, p. 9).
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 8 Being archaic, such adverbs as вътаи/vtai, отаи/otai ("secretly")were replaced by таино/tainoin later lists: "ТогожелѢтаПиминъмитрополитъвтаипоидекоЦарюграду/The same year, Pimen, the Metropolitan of Moscow, secretly visited Tsargrad" (SERBINA, 1977, p. 64) → "The same year, Metropolitan Pimin side ... taino, unknown in Tsargrad" → "ТогожелѢтамитрополитъПиминъсъиде... таино, безвѢстивЦарьградъ/The same year, Pimin, the Metropolitan of Moscow, secretly and incognito visited Tsargrad" (BOBROV; DMITRIEVA, 2002, p. 158); ИотаисъвокупляхусяАнтипатръ, иФерора, ижены... пиахутьвсюнощь, непустяксобѢнираба, нисвободна, нимужскаполу, ниженьска/Under a shroud of mystery, Antipater, Pheroras and their wives copulated all night long..., not letting in either a slave or free men (male and female) (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 230) → "ТѢмьжеиАнтипатръ, предочимаотьчимасваряшетсясъФеророю, исъвокуплениежеимъбяшетаиновнощи/Before the eyes of his stepfather, Antipater quarrels with Pheroras about secret amusements at night" (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 227). The Dictionary of the Russian Academy qualifies the таемъ/taemword as a noun in the form of an adverb meaning "secretly, covertly"(ДѢлатьчтотайкомъ/Do something in secret. Прiидошатаемъподъстаныихъ/We secretly infiltrate their camps). However, the dictionary also contains such forms as отай/otaiand тайно/taino(LEPEKHIN et al., 1794, p. 9). The transformation of an adverb into a noun is provoked by a similar form of the instrumental case of masculine and neuter nouns with a solid stem, inflected with the use of -ǒ. However, a contextual analysis of sources indicates that таемъ/taemis an adverb that is an ordinary member of the lexico-semantic group. Let us compare: 1) Таемъ/taem("secretly")ИвнезапупакибезвѢстноприидошананихпоезеруратьвсудѢхотНовагорода, иизсудвышед, приидошатаемъподстаныих... сороживъзвѢстишавоеводам/All of a sudden, without a trace, we came to them across the lake to arbitrate in courts from Novgorod, and went out of the court, secretly approaching their camps ... guards ... calling out to the governors (TIKHOMIROV, 1963, p. 125); 2)Таино/taino("secretly")ИвнезапуприденанихратьбезвестнопоозерувсудехотНовагорода, иприидошатаиноподстаныих... исторожиприскочившаивозвестишавоеводам/Suddenly an army came to them across the lake to arbitrate in courts from Novgorod,
image/svg+xmlFormation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries) Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 9 secretly approaching their camps... and the watchmen jumped in and announced to the governors (SERBINA, 1977, p. 122); 3)Таино/taino("secretly")ИвнезапуприденанихратьбезвестнопоозерувсудехотНовагорода, иприидошатаиноподстаныих... исторожиприскочившаивозвестишавоеводам/Suddenly an army came to them across the lake to arbitrate in courts from Novgorod, secretly approaching their camps... and the watchmen jumped in and announced to the governors (SERBINA, 1977, p. 122). The well-known saying of Blaise Pascal "The flow of time takes it all" is also applicable to adverbs: the lost forms таемъ/taem, отаи/otai, вътаи/vtaiandвънощи/vnoshchi are replaced with тайкомъ/taikom, ночью/nochyu. In the Old Russian language, there was no form тайкомъ/taikom.It was formed from the primary adverb тай/taiat the turn of the 17th-18thcenturies, when the –комъ- suffix was activated in the word formation of adverbs and when many adverbs from this group turned out to be archaic in the system of new grammatical forms and a new semantic system. Let us compare: ИякопослашаепископапосынаегоимноголѢпшихлюдеи, аСвятославурѢша: атыпождибрата, тожепоидеши/Sending a bishop after his son and other stupid people, Svyatoslav answered: If you have a brother, go after him as well; онжеубоявсяновогородцевъ: ‘ащемяпрѢльстившеимуть’, ибѢжаотаивънощииЯкунъснимибѢжа/being afraid of the citizens of Novgorod, "if it is more preferable", they fled at night and Yakun ran with them (1141) (NASONOV, 1950, p. 211) → ВнезапнаясмертьПушкинарасстроилаегопланы, ноон[Краевский] покрайнеймеребылутешентем, чтопротёрся-такихотькгробуПушкинаивместесдрузьямипоэтаижандармамитайком,ночьювыносилгробизквартиры/Pushkin's sudden death upset his plans, but he [Kraevsky] at least was consoled by the fact that he found his way to Pushkin's coffin and, together with the poet's friends and the gendarmes, secretly carried the coffin out of the apartment at night (1861) (PANAEV, 1988, p. 125). The use of the –комъ- (kom) suffix in forming adverbs of manner casts doubt on scientific beliefs about the possible formation of adverbs like нагишом/nagishom (naked), босиком/bosikom (barefoot), пешком/peshkom (on foot), ничком/nichkom (face down), торчком/torchkom (upright) from nouns. Indeed, scholars claim that "... such nouns had not preserved not only in the modern, but also in the Old Russian language" (IVANOV, 1983, p.
image/svg+xmlSergey SHСHERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 10 366). However, "there is no doubt such nouns existed in the past since adverbs are not a living phenomenon but a storage of remnant words" (CHERNYKH, 1962, p. 291). There is a certain paradox: the meaning of real adverbs is interpreted through outdated nouns. In this case, the line of reasoning is as follows. The morphemic expression of adverbs nagishom, bosikom, peshkom, nichkom and torchkom is similar to the material expression of nouns in the instrumental case. Therefore, these adverbs are formed from the lost nouns нагиш/nagish, босик/bosik(SOBINNIKOVA, 1967, p. 167), пешок/peshok, ничёк/nichek, торчёк/torchek(IVANOV, 1983, p. 367). This is a false path since it is based not on the analysis of sources but on the associative perception of factual material. These adverbs were formed from primary adverbs with the help of the комъsuffix: 1) босъ/bos/боси/bosi"barefoot" + –комъ/kom/омъ/om → босикомъ/bosikom ("СеболицемѢриеесть, ежечюжыянадѢлятисироты, ародъсвойиличелядь, назибоси, илиголодни/It is hypocrisy, if someone helps orphans, but their own family or servants are barefoot or hungry" (BARKHUDAROV, 1975, p. 301); "Афонасьюшкодоиночествабродилъбосикомъже, воднойрубашкеизимуилѢто/Before he became a monk, Afonasyushko ... had wandered barefoot, in one shirt both in winter and in summer" (BARKHUDAROV, 1975, p. 301)); 2) наго/nago("naked") + –омъ/om →нагишомъ/nagishom("Сантановъ, которыенагоходятъздѢвъКаирѢзѢломногоесть/Santanov, who walked naked ... used to say that there are a lot of things in Cairo" (FILIN, 1983, p. 50); "Аихдездороги, завѢтчивлѢсъ, связали, черкашенинанагишомъ, аженуврубашке, порознь/They were tied up, a Cherkashenin naked and his wife in a shirt, separated" (FILIN, 1983, p. 47)); 3) ничь/nich/ницъ/nits("face down")+ -комъ/komничкомъ/nichkom("face to the ground, back of the head up")("Ичтовзяли, тогоонаневидала, длятогочтодержалиеѢнаполуничь/What they took her, she did not see anything as she was kept on the floor face down" (SHMELEV, 1986); "Онъпоскользнулсяиупалъничкомъ, впередъ, носомъвъземлю/He slipped and fell face down, with his nose on the ground" (DAL, 1979, p. 546)); 4) пѢши/pshi/пѢшь/psh("on foot")+ - комъ/com → пѢшкомъ/pshkom(ИзаутраОльга, сѢдящивтеремѢ, послапогости... Онижеркоша: неѢдемънаконехъ, нинавозѢхъ, нипѢшьидемъ, нопонеситенывлодьи/In the morning, Olga, sitting in the tower, sent an ambassador... The answer is as follows: we will not go on a horse, we will not go on a cart, we will go on boat (SHAKHMATOV, 1908b, p. 576); "Враждабабесмешкомъ, чтонеходитьонпешкомъ/Every woman carrying a bag is saddened by the fact that it does not walk on foot" (BOGATOV, 1989, p. 45)); 5)
image/svg+xmlFormation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries) Rev. EntreLínguas, Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315 11 торчь/torch ("upright")+ - комъ/comторчкомъ/torchkom/торчмя/torchmya("Ставьтюкъ, бочкуторчь(торчью)/Put the bale, stick the barrel" (DAL, 1980, p. 42а1); "Ножницыторчкомъвъполъвоткнулись/The scissors stuck upright into the floor; "Торчмяголовойупалъ/He fell with his head up" (DAL, 1980, p. 421)). After developing the ability to designate a sign of action and point to it, adverbs became an independent part of speech. The proof is their active use in all types of literary texts which reflected the level of intellectual claims and religious ideas of the Eastern Slavs, regulated the economic, legal, moral and ethical interaction of the Old Russian community. In particular, judicial laws are filled with different categories of adverbs that could be used regularly or sporadically in everyday speech, for example: "Ащескотъвнощипроламляетъплоты... даустрѢлитьстрѢлою…/At night, as soon as this scum broke through the rafts..., they started to shoot arrows…" (NANOSOV, 1950, p. 503); Ащеженаиметьопрочемужасвоего... ходитипоигрищамъвъднииливънощи, амужьиметьсъчивати, аонанепослушаетъразлучитию/If a wife visits games during the day or at night without her husband's accompaniment and without his permission, and does not comply with her husband's prohibitions to do this (SHCHAPOV, 1976, p. 99); "Авпоборъ, и... подводымитрополичимълюдемъпомагатипостаринѢ, какъпервосегопомагалиисстарины/In case of a fight... the metropolitan's carts always helped people, like before, in the old days" (SHCHAPOV, 1976, p. 180); "АщелидвѢженѢбѢситаблударади, лѢзучинакупъ(накупѢ), творящиижемужьедина, адругоеженою, дасябиютьобѢпосту/If a man gets two wives for the sake of fornication and using money, the other wife shall beat her husband" (NASONOV, 1950, p. 504). Conclusion We analyzed the formation of adverbs of manner and concluded that our results countered the opinion of some scholars who attributed adverbs not to the living phenomena of language but to a group of "remnant words". Throughout the development of the Russian language, the main way of forming adverbs of manner has been the prefix method, i.e., word-formation scheme "prefix + primary adverb → secondary adverb". Within this scheme, a primary polysemic adverb turned into anew monosemic adverb due to the above-mentioned word-formation formant.
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