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Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
1
FORMAÇÃO DE ADVÉRBIOS DE MODO NA ANTIGA LÍNGUA RUSSA
(EXEMPLIFICADOS POR TEXTOS LITERÁRIOS DOS SÉCULOS VI-XVI)
FORMACIÓN DE LOS ADVERBIOS DE MODO EN EL LENGUAJE RUSO ANTIGUO
(COMO SE EJEMPLA EN LOS TEXTOS LITERARIOS DE LOS SIGLOS VI-XVI)
FORMATION OF ADVERBS OF MANNER IN THE OLD RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (AS
EXEMPLIFIED BY LITERARY TEXTS OF THE 6TH-16TH CENTURIES)
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA
1
Ivan MAZANKO
2
Elena ALTABAYEVA
3
Tamara KOVINA
4
Elena GANINA
5
RESUMO:
O estudo comprova que o método prefixal é a principal forma de formação de
advérbios de modo na língua russa antiga. O ensino de historiadores da linguagem sobre a
formação de advérbios do russo antigo é baseado em uma ideia estável sobre a adverbialização
contínua ou incompleta de combinações preposicional-substantivas ou preposicional-
atributivas. Esse ponto de vista sobre os advérbios afetou a cobertura histórica dessa parte do
discurso não apenas na pesquisa acadêmica, mas também na literatura educacional. Os
advérbios de modo, que são componentes gramaticais e lexicais integrais da língua russa, ainda
não foram objeto de pesquisa.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Língua russa antiga. Textos literários em russo antigo. Advérbios de
modo. Partes do discurso.
RESUMEN:
El estudio demuestra que el método prefijo es la forma principal de formar
adverbios de modo en el idioma ruso antiguo. La enseñanza de los historiadores de la lengua
sobre la formación de adverbios en ruso antiguo se basa en una idea estable sobre la
adverbialización continua o incompleta de combinaciones preposicionales-sustantivas o
preposicionales-atributivas. Este punto de vista sobre los adverbios afectó la cobertura
histórica de esta parte del discurso no solo en la investigación académica sino también en la
1
Universidade Russa de Transportes (MIIT), Moscou – Rússia. Professor Associado do Departamento de Russo
e Línguas Estrangeiras.
Doutor em Filologia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7869-8566. E-mail:
qerbina@mail.ru
2
Universidade Agrária Estatal Russa - Moscou Timiryazev Academia Agrícola, Moscou – Rússia. Professor
Associado do Russo como língua estrangeira e disciplinas teóricas gerais. Candidato de Filologia. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-9910. E-mail: if42@yandex.ru
3
Universidade Pedagógica Estatal de Moscou (MPSU), Moscou – Rússia. Professor do Departamento de Língua
Russa. Médico de Filologia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6185-5801. E-mail: evaltabayeva@mail.ru
4
Universidade Russa de Transportes (MIIT), Moscou – Rússia. Professor Associado do Departamento de Russo
e Línguas Estrangeiras.
Candidato de Filologia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-230X. E-mail:
tpkovina@mail.ru
5
Universidade Financeira sob o Governo da Federação Russa, Moscou - Rússia. Professor do Departamento de
Formação Linguística. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-3835. E-m
ail: eganina@fa.ru
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Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
2
literatura educativa. Los adverbios de modo, que son componentes integrales gramaticales y
léxicos del idioma ruso, aún no han sido objeto de investigación.
PALABRAS CLAVE:
Lengua rusa antigua. Textos literarios en ruso antiguo. Adverbios de
modo. Partes de la oración.
ABSTRACT:
The study proves that the prefixal method is the main way of forming adverbs of
manner in the Old Russian language. The teaching of language historians about the formation
of Old Russian adverbs is based on a stable idea about the ongoing or incomplete
adverbialization of prepositional-substantive or prepositional-attributive combinations. This
viewpoint on adverbs affected the historical coverage of this part of speech not only in academic
research but also in educational literature. Adverbs of manner, which are integral grammatical
and lexical components of the Russian language, have not yet been a research subject.
KEYWORDS:
Old Russian language. Literary texts in Old Russian. Adverbs of manner. Parts
of speech.
Introdução
A formação de um advérbio como parte da fala é apresentada nos livros didáticos "de
forma limitada" e separada, de acordo com o "pequeno número de advérbios", principalmente
na forma de raciocínio geral de que combinações de preposições com substantivos e adjetivos
devem sofrer adverbialização para desempenhar a função de advérbios (BORKOVSKII;
KUZNETSOV, 1965).
No entanto, fontes escritas da língua russa antiga refutam esses julgamentos. Eles são
consistentes apenas com a opinião do acadêmico A.A. Shakhmatov (1941, p. 426), que
acreditava que os advérbios primários em russo representavam substantivos com uma função
sintática transformada: "Um substantivo nos casos nominativo e objetivo torna-se um advérbio
quando recebe o significado de uma circunstância em uma frase".
Compartilhando a opinião de Shakhmato sobre as condições e razões para a formação
de
advérbios na língua russa antiga e apoiando outros estudiosos, chamamos o grupo mais
antigo de advérbios de
advérbios primários
. Como o estudo mostrou, este último atuou como
base para advérbios secundários formados com a ajuda de um prefixo. Se compararmos
advérbios primários e secundários, há uma clara continuidade de formação de palavras entre as
formas antigas e novas. Compare: ночи/
nochi
("à noite") "И пришедъши нощи, они же
устрѢмивьшеся, поимавъше оружья, поидоша на нь [Andrey Bogolyubsky] яко звѢрье
свѢрьпии/Assim que a noite caiu, eles correram e pegaram armas, foram para o príncipe, como
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Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
3
animais selvagens" (SHAKHMATOV, 1908a, p. 638) → въночи /вънощи/
vnochi/vnoschi
("à noite")
И пришедъши внощи, они же устрѢмивьшеся, поимавъше оружие, поидоша на нь
[AndreAndre y Bogolyubsky], яко звѢрье сверѢпии, и идущимъ к ложници его/Assim que
a noite caiu, eles correram e pegaram armas, foram para o quarto do príncipe, como animais
selvagens (SHAKHMATOV, 1908a, p. 586);
верхъ/verkh
("acima, no topo")
Того же лѢта Немци убиша шесть человекъ опочанъ бортниковъ, убиша на нашеи
земли, а инвъ, убиша на нашеи земли, а иннъ и Немци к Опочку
верхъ
УскѢ, а посекше
и пожгоша все/ Nesse mesmo verão, os alemães mataram seis pessoas de apicultores,
cortaram-nas em nossa terra e depois subiram o rio Usk até Opochka, destruíram e queimaram
tudo (NASONOV, 1955b, p. 124)
→
въверхъ/vverkh
("acima, nos alcances superiores")
Того же лѢта НѢмцы убиша 6
-
ти человекъ опочанъ бортниковъ, убиша на нашеи
земли, а инн, а и НѢмцы к Опочку вверхъ Уске, а посѢкше и пожгоша
все/Nesse mesmo
verão, os alemães mataram seis pessoas dos apicultores, cortaram-nas em nossa terra e depois
subiram o rio Usk para Opochka, destruíram e queimaram tudo (NASONOV, 1955a).
O método prefixal foi a principal forma de formação de advérbios de lugar e tempo
(ALTABAEVA; MAZANKO; SHCHERBINA, 2022; SHCHERBINA; MAZANKO;
SKVORTSOV, 2020).
Métodos
No âmbito desta pesquisa, definimos as seguintes tarefas:
1) Atualizar o termo
advérbios primários
introduzidos por Shakhmatov dentro dos
estudos históricos russos modernos;
2) Estudar a formação de advérbios de maneira na língua russa antiga do ponto de vista
histórico.
Métodos de pesquisa
: para interpretar as unidades estudadas, utilizou-se a formação de
palavras e a análise morfêmica em sincronia e diacronia, análise comparativa e contextual, o
que permite distinguir entre advérbios e formas homônimas.
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
4
Resultados e discussão
Como os advérbios de lugar e tempo, os advérbios de maneira são formados a partir de
advérbios primários com a ajuda de prefixos. Por exemplo, advérbios secundários въкупѢ
накупѢ/
vkuppe
nakup, купьно/
kupno
, накупь/nakup, накупы/
nakupy
, вкупь/vkup,
насъвокупѢ/nasvokup, насъвокупь/nasvokup,
наскупь
/naskup
, incluídos em um grupo
de palavras cognatas que significam
" juntos"
, são o produto da formação de palavras prefixais:
advérbios como купѢ/
купь
são formados a partir do advérbio primário usando o prefixo
apropriado ("Купа
/
kupa. Pilha
de substantivos, pilha
"; " ВкупѢ/vkup. Advérbio
Juntos
"; "
Купно/kupno. Advérbio
Conectado
" (LEPEKHIN
et al
., 1792, p. 1066)). Aqui estão os dados
reais: 1) Накупь/
nakup
("juntos") ← на + купь ("И по литургии вься братия и обедаша вси
накупь иия праздьноваша праздьньство/De acordo com a liturgia, todos os irmãos se
reuniram para jantar e celeb
raram sua festa" (KOTKOV, 1971, p. 235)); 2) Наскупь
/naskup
("
juntos") ←
на
+ скупь
("И отпѢвше литургию, обѢдаша братья наскупь, кождо с
бояры своими/Depois de cantar a liturgia, os irmãos comeram junto com os boiardos"); 3)
ВъкупѢ
/vkup
("
juntos")
←
въ
+
купѢ ("И по литургии вся братия идоша съ бояры съ
своими коиждо , и обѢдаша
вкупѢ
съ любовию
/Segundo a liturgia, todos os irmãos se
juntavam aos boiardos e jantavam juntos com amor" (KARSKII, 1926, p. 31)); 4)
НасъвокупѢ/
nasvokup
("juntos
") ←
на + съ
+
вкупѢ ("ОтпѢвши литургию, обѢдаша
братья
насъвокупе
, кождо со бояры
своими
/Tendo celebrado a liturgia, os irmãos jantaram
juntos com boiardos" (IROSHNIKOV, KUKUSHKINA, LOURIÉ, 1989)). Todos esses
advérbios transmitem o mesmo significado. Em 20 de maio de 1072, os filhos de Jaroslau, o
Sábio, o Metropolita Jorge e monásticos se reuniram em Kiev, apesar de sua hostilidade, para
transferir as relíquias dos santos portadores da Paixão Bóris e Gleb para uma nova igreja de
pedra. O evento terminou com uma refeição amigável.
Os advérbios acima mencionados são frequentemente usados, exceto para
накупы/nakupy
("de todos os lados, juntos, ao mesmo tempo")
:
Ему [Титу] же и юнѢишии отвѢщаша. Да приступимъ къ стѢнамъ
накупы
, и не
стѢрпять июдѢи нашего пришествиа
,
погрузять бо ся нашими стрѢлами/Ele [Tito]
dirigiu-se aos jovens. Passemos às paredes. Os judeus não suportarão nossa vinda e serão
cobertos com uma chuva de nossas flechas! (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 390).
Na estrutura dos advérbios, é necessário distinguir entre diacronia e sincronia. Se o
princípio da "comparação consecutiva de bases motivadoras e motivadas" for violado, conexões
incorretas de formação de palavras são estabelecidas.
image/svg+xml
Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
5
Em particular, a "Gramática Acadêmica" (1952) inclui advérbios como "à maneira
russa" ou "de maneira feminina" na categoria de advérbios formados a partir de adjetivos com
base na análise morfêmica (VINOGRADOV, 1952, p. 396-408). Na verdade, eles são formados
através do método derivacional "prefi
xo + advérbio primário", incluindo advérbios primários
женьскы/
zhensky
,
русьскы
/
rusky
,
печенѢжьскы
/
pechenzhsky
, скотьскы/
skotsky
,
мирьскы/
mirsky
como base geradora e o prefixo
по
-
/po
-
como formante de formação de
palavras: "Аще мужа два биетася
женьскы,
любо одереть или
укусить
, митрополиту 12
гривенъ/Se dois homens lutam entre si como mulheres, arranhando e mordendo, então terão
que pagar 12
hryvnias
em favor do metropolita" (NASONOV, 1950, p. 483);
А Древляне живяху звѢриньскимъ образом, живуще скотьски, убиваху другу
друга, ядяху вся наху
чисто
, и брака у нихъ не бываше, но умыкиваху у воды девиця/E
os Drevlyans viviam como animais e animais: matavam-se uns aos outros, comiam tudo o que
era impuro, e não tinham esposas, mas sequestravam meninas junto à água (KARSKII, 1926,
p. 13);
Придоша печенѢзи ... изнемогаху же людье гладомъ и водою ... И единъ отрокъ
... изиде изъ града с уздою и ристаша сквозѢ Печенеги, глаголя: не видѢ ли коня никто
же, бѢ бо умѢя
печенѢжьски
/Quando os pechenegues vieram ... o povo estava exausto de
fome e sede... E um jovem... saiu da cidade com um freio e atravessou os pechenegues,
perguntando "Alguém viu o cavalo?" e agindo como um pechenegue (KARSKII, 1926, p. 66).
Este tipo derivacional pode explicar a presen
ça de variantes como рыцарски/rytsarski
e по
-
рыцарски/
po-rytsarski
(cavalheirescamente), дружески/druzheski e
по
-
дружески/po
-
druzheski
(amigável), etc. na linguagem moderna.
Um grupo léxico-semântico bastante numeroso com o seme crucial "secretamente" não
evitou erros na identificação de vários métodos de formação: таи/tai, отаи/otai, вътаи/vtai,
потаи/
potai
, опотаи/opotai, въпотаи/
vpotai
, вътаѢ/vta, вътаю/vtayu, таинѢ/
tain
, вътаинѢ
/vtain, отаинѢ /otain
, таино/
taino
, отаино/otaino, вътаино/vtaino, вътаину/vtainu,
таевнѢ/
taevn
, таемъ/
taem
, вътаяхъ/vtayakh, вътаѢ/
vta, вътаиныхъ /vtainykh
. Unidades
deste grupo entraram ativamente em numerosas linhas sinônimas (безъвѢсти/bezvsti,
безвѢстьно/
bezvstno
, изъгономъ/
izgonom
, искрадомъ/
iskradom
, вънезаапу/vnezaapu,
изънезапы/
iznezapy
, изъневѢсти/iznevsti,
изъневѢсть
/
iznevst
, въскрытѢ
/vskryt,
въприкрытѢ /vprikryt
,
въскровѢ
/
vskrov
, невѢдомо/
nevdomo
,
наединѢ
/
naedin
, etc.) e
relações antônimas com o advérbio
явѢ/
yav. Por exemplo,
отаи
/
otai
–
явѢ/yav
:
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
6
Они тогда не пакостяху вам
явѢ
("abertamente"), но
отаи
, съ блюдениемъ
("cuidadosamente")/
Eles não farão truques sujos para você abertamente, mas sim
sorrateiramente
.
НынѢ же, видяще непокорьство ваше и безстудство, губять и плѢняють
вас явѢ/Vendo s
ua desobediência e impudência, elas o destroem e cativam na realidade
(MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 275).
A compreensão insuficiente dos tipos de advérbios de formação de palavras do russo
antigo e da história derivacional do advérbio
втайне/vtaine
(secretamente) resultou no fato de
que ele foi incluído em dois derivados: 1) derivado de substantivos; 2) derivado de adjetivos,
com a ressalva de que se trata de um "tipo improdutivo" (SHVEDOVA, 1970).
O advérbio "secretamente" é um exemplo clássico da teoria da adverbialização: "Tais
advérbios ... como
втайне
/
vtaine
,
въяве
/
vyave
,
вкупе/vkupe
(secretamente, abertamente,
juntos) ... formaram-se usando diferentes substantivos com preposições" (PESHKOVSKII,
2001, p. 99). A.M. Peshkovskii (2001, p. 140, 143) quis dizer esses advérbios quando escreveu
que o processo de sua formação era claro "sem um mecanismo especial de pesquisa".
Expandindo a lista de advérbios "óbvios", o professor V.A. Trofimov (1957, p. 233) repetiu a
ideia de Peshkovskii sobre os métodos de sua formação: "Combinações adverbiais
preposicionais, fundidas em uma forma estável, têm uma estrutura bastante clara". V.V.
Vinogradov (1986, p. 285) incluiu a palavra "secretamente" nas combinações de "preposição e
caso preposicional-local".
De fato, o advérbio "vtaine" (em segredo) nunca foi uma combinação preposicional
въ
тайнѢ/v tain
. Foi formado através de um tipo como "prefixo + advérbio primário". Na língua
russa antiga, muitos advérbios tinham dois sufixos (-
Ѣ
- e –
О
-
) e duas formas:
вѢрнѢ
/vrn –
вѢрно/vrno (com razão),
душевнѢ
/dushevn –
душевно
/
dushevno
(sinceramente),
радостнѢ/radostn
–
радостно
/radostno
(alegremente), мужественнѢ/muzhestvenn
–
мужественно
/
muzhestvenno
(viril), добровольнѢ/dobrovoln
–
добровольно/
dobrovolno
(voluntariamente
), явнѢ/yavn
–
явно/
yavno
(claramente), келеинѢ/
kelein
–
келеино
/keleino
(calmamente), хорошѢ/khorosh
–
хорошо/khorosho
(bem). Vamos comparar: 1)
МужественьнѢ/muzhestvenn
("corajosamente")
"Зустунея ... нападе на турки
мужественѢ
/Zustuneya ... corajosamente atacou os turcos" (NOROV, 1856, p. 134); 1)
Мужественьно/muzhestvenno
("corajosamente")
"Зустунея ... биющеся с турки ...
храбро и
мужественьно
/Zustuneya ... lutando com os turcos ... com coragem e coragem"
(PERESVETOV, 1956, p. 129); 2)
РазличьнѢ
/
razlichn
("diferente")
[Príncipe Oleg sobre os
gregos capturados]
image/svg+xml
Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
7
[...] их же яша, многия томления и муки нанесе, единых бо разсѢкаху, другия же
разстрѢляху, иныхъ же
различнѢ мучаху
, иныхъ въ море въметаху/eles experimentaram
muitas tristezas e tormentos, alguns deles foram abatidos, os outros foram fuzilados, torturados
de diferentes maneiras, jogados no mar (ANKHIMYUK; ZAVADSKAYA, 2003, p. 30);
2)
Различьно/razlichno
("diferente")
[Príncipe Igor sobre os gregos capturados]
[...] различно томяху: овѢхъ разътинаху, иныя стрѢлами разстрѢляху, инымъ
опакъ руцѢ сляху, инымъ опакъ руцѢ сляху, инымъ опакъ руцѢ сляху, инымъ опакъ
руцѢ скѣ сно ромяху: овѢхъ разстрѢляху: овѢхъ разстрѢляху, иныя стспакъ руцѢ
слично томяху: овѢхъязавше,
изъламляху, инымъ гвозды посредѢ главъ въбиваху /os
destinos dos prisioneiros diferiam: alguns foram crucificados, os outros foram baleados com
flechas, tiveram as mãos torcidas, foram amarrados e pregados diretamente na cabeça
(ANKHIMYUK; ZAVADSKAYA, 2003, p. 31).
Considerando a alternância de sufixos, há uma conexão direta de formação de palavras
entre as formas de palavras вътаинѢ/
vtain
, вътаино/
vtaino
(derivadas com o uso do prefixo
въ
-
) e as formas advérbios таинѢ/
tain
, таино
/
taino
, em vez de substant
ivos: [Тевтивила]
[...] прияша Рижани с великою честью ... УвѢдавъ же се Миндого, яко хотять ему
помогати .... вся вои Рижкая и, убоявся, посла
таинѢ
ко АндрѢеви, мастеру Рижьску и
... послалъ бо бѢ злата много и сребра ... рекыи: ащь убьеши ... Тевтивила и еще болша
сих приимеши/[Tautvilas] de Riga foi recebido com grande honra... Tendo encontrado
Mindaugas, ele agiu como se quisesse ajudá-lo... Com medo, ele secretamente enviou o
embaixador para Andrei, o mestre de Riga, e ... lubrificou-o com fluxos de ouro e prata para
evitar matar... Tautvilas teria trazido muito mais esforço (SHAKHMATOV, 1908b, p. 558);
Молишеся ту бу
втаинѢ
/Deveis rezar secretamente"; "Анди бекъ
втайне
говорилъ/Andi falava secretamente"; "Вели, государь, меня
втаино спрошать
про
ихъ
богомерскую ересь/Permita
-me, senhor, perguntar-lhes secretamente sobre sua heresia
profana (BARKHUDAROV, 1976, p. 164).
Tais advérbios como отаи/
otai
,
вътаи
/
vtai
derivaram do advérbio primário
тай/tai
da
mesma maneira. Este status foi atribuído à palavra pelo Dicionário da Academia Russa,
publicado sob o patrocínio de Catarina, a Grande:
Advérbio
t
ai
significa secretamente, secretamente, implicitamente, silenciosamente.
Тогда Иродъ тай призва волхвы
/
Então Herodes secretamente convocou os magos
. Advérbio
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
8
otai
significa calmamente, de forma não notável. Воста
Давид и обрѢза воскрыл i е
Саулаотай
/
David levantou-se e cortou secretamente a bainha de Saul
(LEPEKHIN
et al.
,
1794, p. 9).
Sendo arcaicos, advé
rbios como вътаи/
vtai
, отаи/
otai
("secretamente”) foram
substituídos por таино/
taino
em listas posteriores: "Того же лѢта Пиминъ митрополитъ втаи
поиде
ко
Царюграду /No mesmo ano, Pimen, o Metropolita de Moscou, visitou secretamente
Tsargrado" (SERBINA, 1977,
p. 64) → "No mesmo ano, lado Metropolita Pimin ... taino,
desconhecido em Tsargrad" → "Того же лѢта митрополитъ Пиминъ съиде ... таино,
безвѢсти в Царьградъ/No mesmo ano, Pimin, o Metropolita de Moscou, secretamente e
incógnito visitou Csargrado" (BOBROV; DMITRIEVA, 2002, p. 158);
И отаи съвокупляхуся Антипатръ, и Ферора, и жены ...
пиахуть всю нощь, не
пустя к собѢ ни раба, ни свободна, ни мужска полу, ни женьска/Sob uma mortalha de
mistério, Antipater, Pheroras e suas esposas copularam a noite toda..., não deixando entrar nem
um escravo nem homens livres (masculino e feminino) (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 230)
→ "ТѢмь же и Антипатръ, пред очима отьчима сваряшется съ Феророю, и
съвокупление же имъ бяше таино в
нощи
/Diante dos olhos de seu padrasto, Antipater briga
com Pheroras sobre diversões secretas à noite" (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 227).
O Dicionário da Academia Russa qualifica a palavra
таемъ
/
taem
como um substantivo
na forma de um advérbio que significa “secretamente
, secretamente"
(
ДѢлать что
тайкомъ/Faça algo em segredo.
Прiидоша таемъ подъ станы ихъ
/
Nós secretamente nos
infiltramos em seus acampamentos
). No entanto, o dicionário também contém formas como
отай/
otai
e
тайно/taino
(LEPEKHIN
et al.
, 1794, p. 9). A transformação de um advérbio em
um substantivo é provocada por uma forma semelhante do caso instrumental de substantivos
masculinos e neutros com um caule sólido, flexionado com o uso de
-
ǒ
. No entanto, uma análise
contextual das fontes indica que
таемъ/taem
é um advérbio que é um membro comum do
grupo léxico-semântico. Vamos comparar: 1)
Таемъ/taem
("secretamente")
И внезапу п аки безвѢстно приидоша на них по езеру рать в судѢх от Новагорода,
и
из суд вышед
, приидоша
таемъ
под
станы их ... сорожи ... възвѢстиша воеводам / De
repente, sem deixar vestígios, chegamos a eles do outro lado do lago para arbitrar nos tribunais
de Novgorod, e saímos do tribunal, aproximando-nos secretamente de seus acampamentos ...
Guardas... chamando os governadores (TIKHOMIROV, 1963, p. 125);
2)
Таино/taino
("secretamente")
image/svg+xml
Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
9
И внезапу приде на них рать безвестно по
озеру в судех
от Новагорода, и
приидоша таино под
станы
их ... и сторожи прискочивша и возвестиша воеводам/De
repente, um exército veio até eles do outro lado do lago para arbitrar nos tribunais de Novgorod,
aproximando-se secretamente de seus acampamentos... e os vigias entraram e anunciaram aos
governadores (SERBINA, 1977, p. 122);
3)
Таино/ta
ino
("secretamente")
И внезапу приде на них рать безвестно по
озеру в судех
от Новагорода, и приидоша
таино под
станы
их ... и сторожи прискочивша и возвестиша воеводам/De repente, um
exército veio até eles do outro lado do lago para arbitrar nos tribunais de Novgorod,
aproximando-se secretamente de seus acampamentos... e os vigias entraram e anunciaram aos
governadores (SERBINA, 1977, p. 122).
O conhecido ditado de Blaise Pascal "O fluxo do tempo leva tudo" também é aplicável
aos advérbios: as formas p
erdidas таемъ/
taem
, отаи/
otai
, вътаи/
vtai
e
вънощи
/
vnoshchi
são
substituídas por
тайкомъ
/
taikom
,
ночью
/nochyu
. Na língua russa antiga, não havia forma
тайкомъ
/
taikom
.
Foi formado a partir do advérbio primário
тай/tai
na virada dos séculos 17
e 18, quando o sufixo –
комъ
- foi ativado na formação de palavras de advérbios e quando muitos
advérbios deste grupo se revelaram arcaicos no sistema de novas formas gramaticais e um novo
sistema semântico. Vamos comparar:
И яко послаша епископа по сына его и много лѢпших людеи, а Святославу рѢша:
а ты пожди брата, тоже поидеши/Enviando um bispo atrás de seu filho e de outras pessoas
estúpidas, Svyatoslav respondeu: Se você tem um irmão, vá atrás dele também;
он же убоявся новогородцевъ: 'аще мя прѢльстивше имуть', и бѢжа
отаи вънощи
и Якунъ с ними
бѢжа/tendo medo dos cidadãos de Novgorod, "se for mais preferível", eles
fugiram à noite e Yakun correu com eles (1141) (NASONOV, 1950, p. 211)
→ Внезапная смерть Пушкина расстроила
е
го планы, но он [Краевский] по
крайней мере был утешен тем, что протё рся
-
таки хоть к гробу Пушкина и вместе с
друзьями поэта и жандармами тайком ,
ночью
выносил гроб из квартиры
/A morte súbita
de Pushkin perturbou seus planos, mas ele [Kraevsky] p
elo menos foi consolado pelo fato de
que ele encontrou o caminho para o caixão de Pushkin e, junto com os amigos do poeta e os
gendarmes, secretamente carregou o caixão para fora do apartamento à noite (1861) (PANAEV,
1988, p. 125).
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
10
O uso do sufixo –
комъ
- (kom) na formação de advérbios de maneira lança dúvidas sobre
as crenças científicas sobre a possível formação de advérbios como нагишом/nagishom (nu),
босиком/bosikom (descalço), пешком/peshkom (a pé), ничком/nichkom (virado para baixo),
торчком /to
rchkom (vertical) a partir de substantivos. De fato, os estudiosos afirmam que "...
tais substantivos não haviam preservado não apenas na língua moderna e também na língua
russa antiga" (IVANOV, 1983, p. 366). No entanto, "não há dúvida de que tais substantivos
existiram no passado, uma vez que os advérbios não são um fenômeno vivo, mas um
armazenamento de palavras remanescentes" (CHERNYKH, 1962, p. 291). Há um certo
paradoxo: o significado dos advérbios reais é interpretado através de substantivos
desatualizados.
Neste caso, a linha de raciocínio é a seguinte. A expressão morfêmica dos advérbios
na
gishom, bosikom, peshkom, nichkom e torchkom é semelhante à expressão material dos
substantivos no caso instrumental. Portanto, esses advérbios são formados a partir dos
substantivos perdidos
нагиш
/
nagish
,
босик
/
bosik
(SOBINNIKOVA, 1967, p. 167),
пешок
/
peshok
, ничёк/
nichek
,
торчёк/torchek
(IVANOV, 1983, p. 367). Este é um caminho
falso, uma vez que se baseia não na análise de fontes, mas na percepção associativa do material
factual. Estes advérbios foram formados a partir de advérbios primários com a ajuda do sufixo
–
комъ : 1) босъ/bos/боси/
bosi
"
descalço
" +
–
комъ/kom/омъ/om → босикомъ
/bosikom
("Се
бо лицемѢрие есть, еже чюжыя надѢляти сироты, а родъ свой или челядь, нази
боси
,
или голодни/É hipocrisia se alguém ajuda órfãos, mas sua própria família ou servos estão
descalços ou com fome" (BARKHUDAROV, 1975, p. 301); "Афонасьюшко ... до иночества
бродилъ босикомъ же, в одной рубашке и зиму и лѢто/Antes de se t
ornar monge,
Afonasyushko ... vagara descalço, de camisa igual tanto no inverno quanto no verão"
(BARKHUDAROV, 1975, p. 301)); 2) наго/nago ("
nu
") +
–
омъ/om → нагишомъ
/nagishom
("Сантановъ ,
которые
наго
ходятъ ...
здѢ въ КаирѢ зѢло много есть/Santanov
, que
andou nu ... dizia que há muitas coisas no Cairo" (FILIN, 1983, p. 50); "А ихде з дороги,
завѢтчи в лѢсъ, связали, черкашенина
нагишомъ
, а жену в рубашке, порознь /Eles
estavam amarrados, um Cherkashenin nu e sua esposa de camisa, separada" (FILIN, 1983, p.
47)); 3) ничь/nich/ницъ/nits ("face down") +
-
комъ/
kom
→ ничкомъ
/nichkom
("
face ao
chão, parte de trás da cabeça para cima")
("И что взяли, того она не видала,
для того что
держали еѢ на
полу ничь
/O que a levaram, ela não viu nada, pois estava no chão de bruços"
(SHMELEV, 1986); "Онъ поскользнулся и упалъ ничкомъ, в передъ,
носомъ въ
землю/Ele
image/svg+xml
Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
11
escorregou e caiu de bruços, com o nariz no chão" (DAL, 1979, p. 546)); 4)
пѢши/pshi/пѢшь/psh
("a pé")
+
-
комъ/com →
пѢшкомъ/pshkom
(И заутра Ольга, сѢдящи в теремѢ, посла по гости ... Они же ркоша: не Ѣдемъ
на конехъ, ни на возѢхъ, ни
пѢшь
идемъ, но понесите ны в лодьи/De manhã, Olga,
sentada na torre , enviou um embaixador... A resposta é a seguinte: não vamos a cavalo, não
vamos em carroça, vamos em barco (SHAKHMATOV, 1908b, p. 576);
"Вражда бабе с мешкомъ, что не ходить он
пешкомъ
/Toda mulher que carrega uma
bolsa fica triste com o fato de não andar a pé" (BOGATOV, 1989, p. 45)); 5) торчь/
tocha
("
vertical")
+
-
комъ/
com
→
торчкомъ/torchkom/торчмя/
torchmya
("Ставь тюкъ, бочку
торчь (
торчью
)/Coloque o fardo, enfie o barril" (DAL, 1980, p. 42а 1); "Ножницы
торчкомъ въ
полъ воткнулись/A tesoura presa na vertical no chão; "
Торчмя
головой
упалъ/Ele caiu com a cabeça erguida" (DAL, 198
0, p. 421)).
Depois de desenvolver a capacidade de designar um sinal de ação e apontar para ele, os
advérbios tornaram-se uma parte independente da fala. A prova é o seu uso ativo em todos os
tipos de textos literários que refletiam o nível de reivindicações intelectuais e ideias religiosas
dos eslavos orientais, regulavam a interação econômica, legal, moral e ética da comunidade
russa antiga. Em particular, as leis judiciais são preenchidas com diferentes categorias de
advérbios que poderiam ser usados regularmente ou esporadicamente na fala cotidiana, por
exemplo: "Аще скотъ
внощи
проламляетъ плоты ... да устрѢлить стрѢлою.../À noite,
assim que esta escória rompeu as jangadas..., eles começaram a atirar flechas..." (NANOSOV,
1950, p. 503);
Аще жена иметь опроче мужа своего ... ходити по игрищамъ въдни или
вънощи
,
а мужь иметь съчивати, а
она
не послушаетъ
–
разлучити ю/Se uma esposa visita jogos
durante o dia ou à noite sem o acompanhamento do marido e sem a permissão dele, e não
cumpre as proibições do marido de fazer isso (SHCHAPOV, 1976, p. 99);
"А в поборъ, и ... подводы митрополичимъ людемъ помагати постаринѢ, какъ
перво сего
помагали исстарины
/
Em caso de luta... as carroças do metropolita sempre
ajudavam as pessoas, como antes, nos
velhos tempos" (SHCHAPOV, 1976, p. 180); "Аще ли
двѢ женѢ бѢсита блуда ради, лѢзучи накупъ (накупѢ), творящи иже е ужь едина, а
другое женою, да ся биють обѢ по
сту/Se um homem tem duas esposas por causa da e do
uso do dinheiro, a outra esposa deve bater no marido" (NASONOV, 1950, p. 504).
Conclusão
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Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
12
Analisamos a formação de advérbios de maneira e concluímos que nossos resultados
contrariaram a opinião de alguns estudiosos que atribuíram advérbios não aos fenômenos vivos
da linguagem, mas a um grupo de "palavras remanescentes".
Ao longo do desenvolvimento da língua russa, a principal maneira de formar advérbios
de maneira tem sido o método do prefixo, ou seja, esquema de formação de palavras "prefixo
+ advérbio primário → advérbio secundário". Dentro de
ste esquema, um advérbio polissêmico
primário se transformou em um novo advérbio monossêmico devido ao formante de formação
de palavras acima mencionado.
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[The complete collection of
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Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL)
[The complete
collection of the Russian chronicles]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. M.A. Aleksandrova, 1908a.
image/svg+xml
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HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA e Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
14
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Sintaksis russkogo yazyka
[The syntax of the Russian language].
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Drevnerusskie knyazheskie ustavy XI
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[The Old Russian
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-15
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vremeni v
drevnerusskom yazyke [The issue of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian
language].
Gumanitarnye nauki i obrazovanie
, v. 11, n. 3, p. 159-166, 2020.
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Slovar russkogo yazyka XI
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[The Russian dictionary of the 6
th
-
17
th
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Grammatika sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka
[The
grammar of the modern Russian literary language]. Moscow: Nauka, 1970.
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oricheskoi grammatike russkogo yazyka [Lectures on the
historical grammar of the Russian language]. Voronezh: Voronezhskii Gosudarstvennyi
Universitet, 1967.
TIKHOMIROV, M. N.
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[The complete
collection of the Russi
an chronicles]. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1963.
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Sovremennyi russkii literaturnyi yazyk
[The modern Russian literary
language]. Morfologiya. Leningrad: LGU, 1957.
VINOGRADOV, V. V.
Russkii yazyk (Grammaticheskoe uchenie o slove)
[The Russian
language (The grammatical teaching on a word)]. 3. ed. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 1986.
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Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
15
Como referenciar este artigo
SH
С
HERBINA, S.; MAZANKO, I.; ALTABAYEVA, E.; KOVINA, T.; GANINA, E.
Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos
séculos VI-XVI).
Rev. EntreLinguas
, Araraquara, v. 8, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN:
2447-3529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
Submetido
: 16/05/2022
Revisões requeridas
: 28/06/2022
Aprovado
: 15/09/2022
Publicado
: 10/11/2022
P
rocessamento e editoração: Editora Ibero
-
Americana
de Educação.
Revisão, formatação, normalização e tradução.
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Formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
1
FORMATION OF ADVERBS OF MANNER IN THE OLD RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
(AS EXEMPLIFIED BY LITERARY TEXTS OF THE 6TH-16TH CENTURIES)
FORMAÇÃO DE ADVÉRBIOS DE MODO NA ANTIGA LÍNGUA RUSSA
(EXEMPLIFICADOS POR TEXTOS LITERÁRIOS DOS SÉCULOS VI-XVI)
FORMACIÓN DE LOS ADVERBIOS DE MODO EN EL LENGUAJE RUSO ANTIGUO
(COMO SE EJEMPLA EN LOS TEXTOS LITERARIOS DE LOS SIGLOS VI-XVI)
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA
1
Ivan MAZANKO
2
Elena ALTABAYEVA
3
Tamara KOVINA
4
Elena GANINA
5
ABSTRACT:
The study proves that the prefixal method is the main way of forming adverbs
of manner in the Old Russian language. The teaching of language historians about the formation
of Old Russian adverbs is based on a stable idea about the ongoing or incomplete
adverbialization of prepositional-substantive or prepositional-attributive combinations. This
viewpoint on adverbs affected the historical coverage of this part of speech not only in academic
research but also in educational literature. Adverbs of manner, which are integral grammatical
and lexical components of the Russian language, have not yet been a research subject.
KEYWORDS:
Old Russian language. Literary texts in Old Russian. Adverbs of manner. Parts
of speech.
RESUMO:
O estudo comprova que o método prefixal é a principal forma de formação de
advérbios de modo na língua russa antiga. O ensino de historiadores da linguagem sobre a
formação de advérbios do russo antigo é baseado em uma ideia estável sobre a adverbialização
contínua ou incompleta de combinações preposicional-substantivas ou preposicional-
atributivas. Esse ponto de vista sobre os advérbios afetou a cobertura histórica dessa parte do
discurso não apenas na pesquisa acadêmica, mas também na literatura educacional. Os
1
Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow – Russia. Associate Professor of the Department of Russian
and Foreign Languages.
Doctor of Philology. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7869-8566. E-mail:
qerbina@mail.ru
2
Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow – Russia. Associate
Professor of the Russian as a foreign language and general theoretical disciplines. Candidate of Philology. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-9910. E-mail: if42@yandex.ru
3
Moscow State Pedagogical University (MPSU), Moscow – Russia. Professor of the Department of the Russian
Language. Doctor of Philology. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6185-5801. E-mail: evaltabayeva@mail.ru
4
Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow – Russia. Associate Professor of the Department of Russian
and Foreign Languages.
Candidate of Philology. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-230X. E-mail:
tpkovina@mail.ru
5
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow – Russia. Professor of the
Language Training Department. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-3835. E-mail: eganina@fa.ru
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
2
advérbios de modo, que são componentes gramaticais e lexicais integrais da língua russa,
ainda não foram objeto de pesquisa.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Língua russa antiga. Textos literários em russo antigo. Advérbios de
modo. Partes Do Discurso.
RESUMEN:
El estudio demuestra que el método prefijo es la forma principal de formar
adverbios de modo en el idioma ruso antiguo. La enseñanza de los historiadores de la lengua
sobre la formación de adverbios en ruso antiguo se basa en una idea estable sobre la
adverbialización continua o incompleta de combinaciones preposicionales-sustantivas o
preposicionales-atributivas. Este punto de vista sobre los adverbios afectó la cobertura
histórica de esta parte del discurso no solo en la investigación académica sino también en la
literatura educativa. Los adverbios de modo, que son componentes integrales gramaticales y
léxicos del idioma ruso, aún no han sido objeto de investigación.
PALABRAS CLAVE:
Lengua rusa antigua. Textos literarios en ruso antiguo. Adverbios de
modo. Partes de la oración.
Introduction
The formation of an adverb as a part of speech is presented in textbooks "limitedly" and
separately, according to the "small number of adverbs", mainly in the form of general reasoning
that combinations of prepositions with nouns and adjectives should undergo adverbialization in
order to perform the function of adverbs (BORKOVSKII; KUZNETSOV, 1965).
However, written sources of the Old Russian language refute these judgments. They are
consistent only with the opinion of Academician A.A. Shakhmatov (1941, p. 426) who believed
that primary adverbs in Russian represented nouns with a transformed syntactic function: "A
noun in the nominative and objective cases becomes an adverb when it receives the meaning of
a circumstance in a sentence".
Sharing Shakhmatov’s opinion about conditions and reasons for the formation of
adverbs in the Old Russian language and supporting other scholars, we call the oldest group of
adverbs
primary adverbs
. As the study has shown, the latter acted as a basis for secondary
adverbs formed with the help of a prefix. If we compare primary and secondary adverbs, there
is clear word-formation continuity between the old and new forms. Compare:
ночи
/nochi
("at
night") "
И
пришедъши
нощи
,
они
же
устрѢмивьшеся
,
поимавъше
оружья
,
поидоша
на
нь
[Andrey Bogolyubsky]
яко
звѢрье
свѢрьпии
/As soon as night fell, they ran and grabbed
weapons, went to the prince, like wild animals" (SHAKHMATOV, 1908a, p. 638) →
въночи
/
вънощи
/vnochi/vnoschi
("at night")
image/svg+xml
Formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
3
И
пришедъши
внощи
,
они
же
устрѢмивьшеся
,
поимавъше
оружие
,
поидоша
на
нь
[Andrey Bogolyubsky],
яко
звѢрье
сверѢпии
,
и
идущимъ
к
ложници
его
/As soon as
night fell, they ran and grabbed weapons, went to the prince's bedroom, like wild animals
(SHAKHMATOV, 1908a, p. 586);
верхъ
/verkh
("above, at the top")
Того
же
лѢта
Немци
убиша
шесть
человекъ
опочанъ
бортниковъ
,
убиша
на
нашеи
земли
,
а
инии
Немци
к
Опочку
верхъ
УскѢ
,
а
посекше
и
пожгоша
все
/ That same summer,
the Germans killed six people from beekeepers, slashed them on our land and then moved up
the Usk river to Opochka, destroyed and burned everything (NASONOV, 1955b, p. 124)
→
въверхъ
/vverkh
("above, in the upper reaches")
Того
же
лѢта
НѢмцы
убиша
6-
ти
человекъ
опочанъ
бортниковъ
,
убиша
на
нашеи
земли
,
а
инии
НѢмцы
к
О
почку
вверхъ
Уске
,
а
п
осѢкше
и
пожгоша
все
/That same
summer, the Germans killed six people from beekeepers, slashed them on our land and then
moved up the Usk river to Opochka, destroyed and burned everything (NASONOV, 1955a).
The prefixal method was the main way for forming adverbs of place and time
(ALTABAEVA; MAZANKO; SHCHERBINA, 2022; SHCHERBINA; MAZANKO;
SKVORTSOV, 2020).
Methods
Within the framework of this research, we set the following tasks:
1) To update the term
primary adverbs
introduced by Shakhmatov within modern
historical Russian studies;
2) To study the formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language from the
historical viewpoint.
Research methods
: to interpret the studied units, we used word-formation and
morphemic analysis in synchrony and diachrony, comparative and contextual analysis, which
allows distinguishing between adverbs and homonymous forms.
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
4
Results and discussion
Like adverbs of place and time, adverbs of manner are formed from primary adverbs
with the help of prefixes. For example, secondary adverbs
въкупѢ
накупѢ
/vkuppe nakup
,
купьно
/kupno
,
накупь
/nakup
,
накупы
/nakupy
,
вкупь
/vkup
,
насъвокупѢ
/nasvokup
,
насъвокупь
/nasvokup
,
наскупь
/naskup
, included in a group of cognate words meaning
"together"
, are the product of prefixal word formation: such adverbs as
купѢ
/
купь
are formed
from the primary adverb using the appropriate prefix ("
Купа
/kupa. Noun
Pile, heap
";
"
ВкупѢ
/vkup. Adverb
Together
"; "
Купно
/kupno. Adverb
Connected
" (LEPEKHIN
et al
.,
1792, p. 1066)). Here are the actual data: 1)
Накупь
/nakup
("together") ←
на
+
купь
("
И
по
литургии
вься
братия
и
обедаша
вси
накупь
и
праздьноваша
праздьньство
/According to
the liturgy, all the brethren gathered together for dinner and celebrated their feast" (KOTKOV,
1971, p. 235)); 2)
Наскупь
/naskup
("together") ←
на
+
скупь
("
И
отпѢвше
литургию
,
обѢдаша
братья
наскупь
,
кождо
с
бояры
своими
/After singing the liturgy, the brethren ate
together with boyars"); 3)
ВъкупѢ
/vkup
("together") ←
въ
+
купѢ
("
И
по
литургии
вся
братия
идоша
съ
бояры
съ
своими
коиждо
,
и
обѢдаша
вкупѢ
съ
лю
бовию
/According to
the liturgy, all the brethren joined boyars and dined together with love" (KARSKII, 1926, p.
31)); 4)
НасъвокупѢ
/nasvokup
("together") ←
на
+
съ
+
вкупѢ
("
ОтпѢвши
л
итургию
,
обѢдаша
братья
насъвокупе
,
кождо
со
бояры
своими
/Having celebrated the liturgy, the
brethren dined together with boyars" (IROSHNIKOV, KUKUSHKINA, LOURIÉ, 1989)). All
these adverbs convey the same meaning. On May 20, 1072, the sons of Yaroslav the Wise,
Metropolitan George, archimandrites and monastics gathered in Kyiv, despite their hostility, to
transfer the holy Passion-bearers Boris and Gleb's relics to a new stone church. The event ended
with a friendly meal.
The above-mentioned adverbs are frequently used, except for
накупы
/nakupy
("from
all sides, together, at the same time")
:
Ему
[
Титу
]
же
и
юнѢишии
отвѢщаша
.
Да
приступимъ
къ
стѢнамъ
накупы
,
и
не
стѢрпять
июдѢи
нашего
пришествиа
,
погрузять
бо
ся
нашими
стрѢлами
/He [Titus]
addressed the youth. Let us proceed to the walls. The Jews will not endure our coming and will
be covered with a rain of our arrows! (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 390).
In the structure of adverbs, it is necessary to distinguish between diachrony and
synchrony. If the principle of "consecutive comparison of motivating and motivated bases" is
violated, incorrect word-formation connections are established.
image/svg+xml
Formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
5
In particular, the "Academic Grammar" (1952) includes such adverbs as "in the Russian
way" or "in a feminine way" into the category of adverbs formed from adjectives on the basis
of morphemic analysis (VINOGRADOV, 1952, p. 396-408). In fact, they are formed through
the derivational method "prefix + primary adverb", including primary adverbs
женьскы
/zhensky
,
русьскы
/rusky
,
печенѢжьскы
/pechenzhsky
,
скотьскы
/skotsky
,
мирьскы
/mirsky
as the generating base and the prefix
по
-/po-
as a word-formation formant:
"
Аще
мужа
два
биетася
женьскы
,
любо
одереть
или
укусить
,
митрополиту
12
гривенъ
/If
two men fight among themselves like women, scratching and biting, then they will have to pay
12
hryvnias
in favor of the metropolitan" (NASONOV, 1950, p. 483);
А
Древляне
живяху
звѢриньскимъ
образом
,
живуще
скотьски
,
убиваху
другу
друга
,
ядяху
вся
нечисто
,
и
брака
у
нихъ
не
бываше
,
но
умыкиваху
у
воды
девиця
/And
the Drevlyans lived as animals and beasts: they killed each other, ate everything unclean, and
they did not have wives, but they kidnapped girls by the water (KARSKII, 1926, p. 13);
Придоша
печенѢзи
...
изнемогаху
же
людье
гладомъ
и
водою
...
И
единъ
отрокъ
...
изиде
изъ
града
с
уздою
и
ристаша
сквозѢ
П
еченеги
,
глаголя
:
не
видѢ
ли
коня
никто
же
,
бѢ
бо
умѢя
печенѢжьски
/When the Pechenegs came ... the people were exhausted with
hunger and thirst... And one young man... came out of the city with a bridle and went through
the Pechenegs, asking "Did anyone see the horse?" and acting like a Pecheneg (KARSKII, 1926,
p. 66).
This derivational type can explain the presence of such variants as
рыцарски
/rytsarski
and
по
-
рыцарски
/po-rytsarski
(chivalrously),
дружески
/druzheski
and
по
-
дружески
/po-
druzheski
(friendly), etc. in modern language.
A rather numerous lexical-semantic group with the crucial seme "secretly" did not avoid
mistakes in identifying various methods of formation:
таи
/tai,
отаи
/otai,
вътаи
/vtai,
потаи
/potai,
опотаи
/opotai,
въпотаи
/vpotai,
вътаѢ
/vta,
вътаю
/vtayu,
таинѢ
/tain,
вътаинѢ
/vtain,
отаинѢ
/otain,
таино
/taino,
отаино
/otaino,
вътаино
/vtaino,
вътаину
/vtainu,
таевнѢ
/taevn,
таемъ
/taem,
вътаяхъ
/vtayakh,
вътаѢ
/vta,
вътаиныхъ
/vtainykh
. Units of this group actively entered into numerous synonymous rows
(
безъвѢсти
/bezvsti,
безвѢстьно
/bezvstno,
изъгономъ
/izgonom,
искрадомъ
/iskradom,
вънезаапу
/vnezaapu,
изънезапы
/iznezapy,
изъневѢсти
/iznevsti,
изъневѢсть
/iznevst,
въскрытѢ
/vskryt,
въприкрытѢ
/vprikryt,
въскровѢ
/vskrov,
невѢдомо
/nevdomo,
наединѢ
/naedin
, etc.) and antonymous relations with the
явѢ
/yav
adverb. For example,
отаи
/otai
–
явѢ
/yav
:
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
6
Они
тогда
не
пакостяху
вам
явѢ
("openly"),
но
отаи
,
съ
блюдениемъ
("carefully")/
They will not do dirty tricks to you openly, but rather sneakily
.
НынѢ
же
,
видяще
непокорьство
ваше
и
безстудство
,
губять
и
плѢняють
вас
явѢ
/Seeing your disobedience
and impudence, they destroy and captivate you in reality (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 275).
The insufficient understanding of the Old Russian word-formation types of adverbs and
the derivational history of the
втайне
/vtaine
(secretly) adverb resulted in the fact that it was
included into two derivatives: 1) derived from nouns; 2) derived from adjectives, with a
reservation that it is an "unproductive type" (SHVEDOVA, 1970).
The "secretly" adverb is a classic example of the theory of adverbialization: "Such
adverbs ... as
втайне
/vtaine,
въяве
/vyave,
вкупе
/vkupe
(secretly, openly, together) ... were
formed using different nouns with prepositions" (PESHKOVSKII, 2001, p. 99). A.M.
Peshkovskii (2001, p. 140, 143) meant these adverbs when he wrote that the process of their
formation was clear "without a special research mechanism". Expanding the list of "obvious"
adverbs, Professor V.A. Trofimov (1957, p. 233) repeated Peshkovskii’s idea about the methods
of their formation: "Prepositional adverbial combinations, fused into a stable form, have quite
a clear structure". V.V. Vinogradov (1986, p. 285) included the "secretly" word into the
combinations of "preposition and prepositional-local case".
Indeed, the "vtaine" adverb (in secret) has never been a prepositional combination
въ
тайнѢ
/v tain
. It was formed through such a type as "prefix + primary adverb". In the Old
Russian language, many adverbs had two suffixes (
-
Ѣ
-
and
–
О
-
) and two forms:
вѢрнѢ
/vrn
–
вѢрно
/vrno
(rightly),
душевнѢ
/dushevn
–
душевно
/dushevno
(sincerely),
радостнѢ
/radostn
–
радостно
/radostno
(cheerfully),
мужественнѢ
/muzhestvenn
–
мужественно
/muzhestvenno
(manly),
добровольнѢ
/dobrovoln
–
добровольно
/dobrovolno
(voluntarily),
явнѢ
/yavn
–
явно
/yavno
(clearly),
келеинѢ
/kelein
–
келеино
/keleino
(calmly),
хорошѢ
/khorosh
–
хорошо
/khorosho
(well). Let us compare: 1)
МужественьнѢ
/muzhestvenn
("courageously")
"
Зустунея
...
нападе
на
турки
м
ужественѢ
/Zustuneya ... courageously attacked the Turks" (NOROV, 1856, p. 134); 1)
Мужественьно
/muzhestvenno
("courageously")
"
Зустунея
...
биющеся
с
турки
...
храбро
и
мужественьно
/Zustuneya ... fighting with the Turks … bravely and courageously"
(PERESVETOV, 1956, p. 129); 2)
РазличьнѢ
/
razlichn
("differently")
[Prince Oleg on the
captured Greeks]
image/svg+xml
Formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
7
[…]
их
же
яша
,
многия
томления
и
муки
нанесе
,
единых
бо
разсѢкаху
,
другия
же
разстрѢляху
,
иныхъ
же
различнѢ
мучаху
,
иныхъ
въ
море
въметаху
/they experienced many
sorrows and torments, some of them were slaughtered, the others were shot, tortured in different
ways, thrown into the sea (ANKHIMYUK; ZAVADSKAYA, 2003, p. 30);
2)
Различьно
/razlichno
("differently")
[Prince Igor on the captured Greeks]
[…]
различно
томяху
:
овѢхъ
разътинаху
,
иныя
стрѢлами
разстрѢляху
,
инымъ
опакъ
руцѢ
связавше
,
изъламляху
,
инымъ
гвозды
посредѢ
главъ
въбиваху
/the fates of
prisoners differed: some were crucified, the others were shot with arrows, got their hands
twisted, were tied and nailed right into the head (ANKHIMYUK; ZAVADSKAYA, 2003, p.
31).
Considering the alternation of suffixes, there is a direct word-formation connection
between the word forms
вътаинѢ
/vtain
,
вътаино
/vtaino
(derived with the use of the
въ
-
prefix) and the adverb forms
таинѢ
/
tain
,
таино
/taino
, rather than nouns: [
Тевтивила
]
[…]
прияша
Рижани
с
великою
честью
...
УвѢдавъ же се Миндого, яко хотять ему
помогати .... вся вои Рижкая и, убоявся, посла
таинѢ
ко АндрѢеви, мастеру Рижьску и
... послалъ бо бѢ злата много и сребра ... рекыи: ащь убьеши ... Тевтивила и еще болша
сих приимеши/[
Tautvilas] from Riga was welcomed with great honor… H
aving encountered
Mindaugas, he acted as if he wanted to help him... Being afraid, he secretly sent the ambassador
to Andrei, the master of Riga, and ... greased him with flows of gold and silver to avoid killing...
Tautvilas would have brought much more effort (SHAKHMATOV, 1908b, p. 558);
Молишеся
ту
бу
втаинѢ
/Shall you pray secretly"; "
Анди
б
екъ
втайне
говорилъ
/Andi spoke secretly";
"
Вели
,
государь
,
меня
втаино
спрошать
про
ихъ
богомерскую
ересь
/Allow me, sire, to secretly ask them about their unholy heresy
(BARKHUDAROV, 1976, p. 164).
Such adverbs as
отаи
/otai
,
вътаи
/vtai
derived from the primary adverb
тай
/tai
in the
same way. This status was assigned to the word by the Dictionary of the Russian Academy,
published under the patronage of Catherine the Great:
Adverb
tai
means secretly, covertly, implicitly, quietly.
Тогда
Иродъ
тай
призва
волхвы
/
Then Herod secretly summoned the magi
. Adverb
otai
means calmly, unremarkably.
Воста
Давид
и
обрѢза
воскрыл
i
е
Саула
отай
/
David stood up and secretly cut off Saul's hem
(LEPEKHIN
et al.
, 1794, p. 9).
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
8
Being archaic, such adverbs as
вътаи
/vtai,
отаи
/otai
("secretly")
were replaced by
таино
/taino
in later lists: "
Того
же
лѢта
Пиминъ
митрополитъ
втаи
поиде
ко
Царюграду
/The same year, Pimen, the Metropolitan of Moscow, secretly visited Tsargrad" (SERBINA,
1977
, p. 64) → "The same year, Metropolitan Pimin side ... taino, unknown in Tsargrad" →
"
Того
же
лѢта
митрополитъ
Пиминъ
съиде
...
таино
,
безвѢсти
в
Царьградъ
/The same
year, Pimin, the Metropolitan of Moscow, secretly and incognito visited Tsargrad" (BOBROV;
DMITRIEVA, 2002, p. 158);
И
отаи
съвокупляхуся
Антипатръ
,
и
Ферора
,
и
жены
...
пиахуть
всю
нощь
,
не
пустя
к
собѢ
ни
раба
,
ни
свободна
,
ни
мужска
полу
,
ни
женьска
/Under a shroud of mystery,
Antipater, Pheroras and their wives copulated all night long..., not letting in either a slave or
free men (male and female) (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 230)
→ "ТѢмь
же
и
Антипатръ
,
пред
очима
отьчима
сваряшется
съ
Феророю
,
и
съвокупление
же
имъ
бяше
таино
в
н
ощи
/Before the eyes of his stepfather, Antipater
quarrels with Pheroras about secret amusements at night" (MESHCHERSKII, 1958, p. 227).
The Dictionary of the Russian Academy qualifies the
таемъ
/taem
word as a noun in
the form of an adverb meaning
"secretly, covertly"
(
ДѢлать
ч
то
тайкомъ
/Do something in
secret.
Пр
i
идоша
таемъ
подъ
станы
ихъ
/
We secretly infiltrate their camps
). However, the
dictionary also contains such forms as
отай
/otai
and
тайно
/taino
(LEPEKHIN
et al.
, 1794,
p. 9). The transformation of an adverb into a noun is provoked by a similar form of the
instrumental case of masculine and neuter nouns with a solid stem, inflected with the use of
-
ǒ
.
However, a contextual analysis of sources indicates that
таемъ
/taem
is an adverb that is an
ordinary member of the lexico-semantic group. Let us compare: 1)
Таемъ
/taem
("secretly")
И
внезапу
п
аки
безвѢстно
приидоша
на
них
по
езеру
рать
в
судѢх
от
Новагорода
,
и
из
суд
вышед
,
приидоша
таемъ
под
станы
их
...
сорожи
…
възвѢстиша
воеводам
/All
of a sudden, without a trace, we came to them across the lake to arbitrate in courts from
Novgorod, and went out of the court, secretly approaching their camps ... guards ... calling out
to the governors (TIKHOMIROV, 1963, p. 125);
2)
Таино
/taino
("secretly")
И
внезапу
приде
на
них
рать
безвестно
по
озеру
в
судех
от
Новагорода
,
и
приидоша
т
аино
под
станы
их
...
и
сторожи
прискочивша
и
возвестиша
воеводам
/Suddenly an army came to them across the lake to arbitrate in courts from Novgorod,
image/svg+xml
Formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
9
secretly approaching their camps... and the watchmen jumped in and announced to the
governors (SERBINA, 1977, p. 122);
3)
Таино
/taino
("secretly")
И
внезапу
приде
на
них
рать
безвестно
по
озеру
в
судех
от
Новагорода
,
и
приидоша
таино
под
станы
их
...
и
сторожи
прискочивша
и
возвестиша
воеводам
/Suddenly an army came to them across the lake to arbitrate in courts from Novgorod,
secretly approaching their camps... and the watchmen jumped in and announced to the
governors (SERBINA, 1977, p. 122).
The well-known saying of Blaise Pascal "The flow of time takes it all" is also applicable
to adverbs: the lost forms
таемъ
/taem
,
отаи
/otai
,
вътаи
/vtai
and
вънощи
/vnoshchi
are
replaced with
тайкомъ
/taikom
,
ночью
/nochyu
. In the Old Russian language, there was no
form
тайкомъ
/
taikom
.
It was formed from the primary adverb
тай
/tai
at the turn of the 17
th
-
18
th
centuries, when the –
комъ
- suffix was activated in the word formation of adverbs and when
many adverbs from this group turned out to be archaic in the system of new grammatical forms
and a new semantic system. Let us compare:
И
яко
послаша
епископа
по
сына
его
и
много
лѢпших
людеи
,
а
Святославу
рѢша
:
а
ты
пожди
брата
,
тоже
поидеши
/Sending a bishop after his son and other stupid people,
Svyatoslav answered: If you have a brother, go after him as well;
он
же
убоявся
н
овогородцевъ
: ‘
аще
мя
прѢльстивше
имуть
’,
и
бѢжа
от
аи
вънощи
и
Якунъ
с
ними
бѢжа
/being afraid of the citizens of Novgorod, "if it is more
preferable", they fled at night and Yakun ran with them (1141) (NASONOV, 1950, p. 211)
→ Внезапная
смерть
Пушкина
расстроила
его
планы
,
но
он
[
Краевский
]
по
крайней
мере
был
утешен
тем
,
что
протёрся
-
таки
хоть
к
гробу
Пушкина
и
вместе
с
друзьями
поэта
и
жандармами
тайком
,
ночью
выносил
гроб
из
квартиры
/Pushkin's
sudden death upset his plans, but he [Kraevsky] at least was consoled by the fact that he found
his way to Pushkin's coffin and, together with the poet's friends and the gendarmes, secretly
carried the coffin out of the apartment at night (1861) (PANAEV, 1988, p. 125).
The use of the –
комъ
- (kom) suffix in forming adverbs of manner casts doubt on
scientific beliefs about the possible formation of adverbs like
нагишом
/nagishom (naked),
босиком
/bosikom (barefoot),
пешком
/peshkom (on foot),
ничком
/nichkom (face down),
торчком
/torchkom (upright) from nouns. Indeed, scholars claim that "... such nouns had not
preserved not only in the modern, but also in the Old Russian language" (IVANOV, 1983, p.
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
10
366). However, "there is no doubt such nouns existed in the past since adverbs are not a living
phenomenon but a storage of remnant words" (CHERNYKH, 1962, p. 291). There is a certain
paradox: the meaning of real adverbs is interpreted through outdated nouns.
In this case, the line of reasoning is as follows. The morphemic expression of adverbs
nagishom, bosikom, peshkom, nichkom and torchkom is similar to the material expression of
nouns in the instrumental case. Therefore, these adverbs are formed from the lost nouns
нагиш
/
nagish
,
босик
/bosik
(SOBINNIKOVA, 1967, p. 167),
пешок
/peshok,
ничёк
/nichek
,
торчёк
/torchek
(IVANOV, 1983, p. 367). This is a false path since it is based not on the
analysis of sources but on the associative perception of factual material. These adverbs were
formed from primary adverbs with the help of the
–
комъ
suffix: 1)
босъ
/bos/
боси
/bosi
"
barefoot
" + –
комъ
/kom/
омъ/om →
босикомъ
/bosikom
("
Се
бо
лицемѢрие
есть
,
еже
чюжыя
надѢляти
сироты
,
а
родъ
свой
или
челядь
,
нази
боси
,
или
голодни
/It is hypocrisy,
if someone helps orphans, but their own family or servants are barefoot or hungry"
(BARKHUDAROV, 1975, p. 301); "
Афонасьюшко
…
до
иночества
бродилъ
босикомъ
же
,
в
одной
рубашке
и
зиму
и
лѢто
/Before he became a monk, Afonasyushko ... had wandered
barefoot, in one shirt both in winter and in summer" (BARKHUDAROV, 1975, p. 301)); 2)
наго
/nago
("
naked
") + –
омъ/om →
нагишомъ
/nagishom
("
Сантановъ
,
которые
наго
ходятъ
…
здѢ
въ
КаирѢ
зѢло
много
есть
/Santanov, who walked naked ... used to say that
there are a lot of things in Cairo" (FILIN, 1983, p. 50); "
А
ихде
з
дороги
,
завѢтчи
в
л
Ѣсъ
,
связали
,
черкашенина
нагишомъ
,
а
жену
в
руб
ашке
,
порознь
/They were tied up, a
Cherkashenin naked and his wife in a shirt, separated" (FILIN, 1983, p. 47)); 3)
ничь
/nich/
ницъ
/nits
("face down")
+ -
комъ
/kom
→
ничкомъ
/nichkom
("face to the ground,
back of the head up")
("
И
что
взяли
,
того
она
не
видала
,
для
того
что
держали
еѢ
на
полу
ничь
/What they took her, she did not see anything as she was kept on the floor face down"
(SHMELEV, 1986); "
Онъ
поскользнулся
и
упалъ
ничкомъ
,
в
передъ
,
носомъ
въ
землю
/He
slipped and fell face down, with his nose on the ground" (DAL, 1979, p. 546)); 4)
пѢши
/pshi/
пѢшь
/psh
("on foot")
+ -
комъ/com →
пѢшкомъ
/pshkom
(
И
заутра
Ольга
,
сѢдящи
в
теремѢ
,
посла
по
гости
...
Они
же
ркоша
:
не
Ѣдемъ
на
конехъ
,
ни
на
возѢхъ
,
ни
п
Ѣшь
идемъ
,
но
понесите
ны
в
лодьи
/In the morning, Olga, sitting
in the tower, sent an ambassador... The answer is as follows: we will not go on a horse, we will
not go on a cart, we will go on boat (SHAKHMATOV, 1908b, p. 576);
"
Вражда
бабе
с
ме
шкомъ
,
что
не
ходить
он
пешкомъ
/Every woman carrying a bag
is saddened by the fact that it does not walk on foot" (BOGATOV, 1989, p. 45)); 5)
image/svg+xml
Formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
11
торчь
/torch
("upright")
+ -
комъ
/com
→
торчкомъ
/torchkom/
торчмя
/torchmya
("
Ставь
тюкъ
,
бочку
торчь
(
торчью
)/Put the bale, stick the barrel" (DAL, 1980, p. 42
а
1); "
Ножницы
торчкомъ
въ
полъ
воткнулись
/The scissors stuck upright into the floor; "
Торчмя
головой
упалъ
/He fell with his head up" (DAL, 1980, p. 421)).
After developing the ability to designate a sign of action and point to it, adverbs became
an independent part of speech. The proof is their active use in all types of literary texts which
reflected the level of intellectual claims and religious ideas of the Eastern Slavs, regulated the
economic, legal, moral and ethical interaction of the Old Russian community. In particular,
judicial laws are filled with different categories of adverbs that could be used regularly or
sporadically in everyday speech, for example: "
Аще
скотъ
внощи
проламляетъ
плоты
...
да
устрѢлить
стрѢлою
…/At night, as soon as this scum broke through the rafts..., they started to
shoot arrows…" (NANOSOV, 1950, p. 503);
Аще
жена
иметь
опроче
мужа
своего
...
ходити
по
игрищамъ
въдни
или
вънощи
,
а
мужь
иметь
съчивати
,
а
она
не
послушаетъ
–
разлучити
ю
/If a wife visits games during
the day or at night without her husband's accompaniment and without his permission, and does
not comply with her husband's prohibitions to do this (SHCHAPOV, 1976, p. 99);
"
А
в
поборъ
,
и
...
подводы
митрополичимъ
людемъ
помагати
постаринѢ
,
какъ
перво
сего
помагали
ис
старины
/In case of a fight... the metropolitan's carts always helped
people, like before, in the old days" (SHCHAPOV, 1976, p. 180); "
Аще
ли
двѢ
женѢ
б
Ѣсита
блуда
ради
,
лѢзучи
накупъ
(
накупѢ
),
творящи
иже
мужь
едина
,
а
другое
женою
,
да
ся
биють
обѢ
по
сту
/If a man gets two wives for the sake of fornication and using money, the
other wife shall beat her husband" (NASONOV, 1950, p. 504).
Conclusion
We analyzed the formation of adverbs of manner and concluded that our results
countered the opinion of some scholars who attributed adverbs not to the living phenomena of
language but to a group of "remnant words".
Throughout the development of the Russian language, the main way of forming adverbs
of manner has been the prefix method, i.e., word-formation scheme "prefix + primary adverb
→ secondary adverb". Within this scheme, a primary polysemic adverb turned into a
new
monosemic adverb due to the above-mentioned word-formation formant.
image/svg+xml
Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
12
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17
th
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Istoricheskaya grammatika russkogo yazyka
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CHERNYKH, P. Ya.
Istoricheskaya grammatika russkogo yazyka
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[The Explanatory Dictionary of
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Formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries)
Rev. EntreLínguas,
Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
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Sergey SH
С
HERBINA; Ivan MAZANKO; Elena ALTABAYEVA; Tamara KOVINA and Elena GANINA
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Araraquara, v. 08, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-ISSN: 2447-3529
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How to reference this article
SHСHERBINA, S.; MAZANKO, I.; ALTABAYEVA, E.; KOVINA, T.; GANINA, E.
Formation of adverbs of manner in the old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts
of the 6th-16th centuries).
Rev. EntreLinguas
, Araraquara, v. 8, n. esp. 2, e022058, 2022. e-
ISSN: 2447-3529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29051/el.v8iesp.2.17315
Submitted
: 16/05/2022
Required revisions
: 28/06/2022
Approved
: 15/09/2022
Published
: 10/11/2022
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