PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STATE OF STUDENTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC SELF-ISOLATION PERIOD IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS


ESTADO PSICOEMOCIONAL DOS ALUNOS DURANTE O PERÍODO DE AUTOISOLAMENTO PANDÊMICO DA COVID-19 NO CONTEXTO DOS FATORES SOCIODEMOGRÁFICOS


ESTADO PSICO-EMOCIONAL DE ESTUDIANTES DURANTE EL PERÍODO DE AUTOAISLAMIENTO PANDÉMICO DEL COVID-19 EN EL CONTEXTO DE FACTORES SOCIO-DEMOGRÁFICOS


Irina V. BELASHEVA1

Aleksandr E. GAPICH2 Marine L. YESAYAN3 Irina N. POLSHAKOVA4

Evgeniia V. SOLOVEVA5


ABSTRACT: Psycho-emotional state of youth in the COVID-19 pandemic can become an indicator of various positive or negative social transformations and trends. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of socio-demographic factors (gender, age, year of study, the direction of professional training at university, combining study and work, living in a rural area or a city, in a private house or an apartment, with parents or independently) in conditions of self-isolation on assessment of the main components of the psycho-emotional state of the students: well-being, activity, and mood. We used the method of rapid well-being, activity, and mood assessment. The test was conducted online; the relevant materials were posted on eCampus of North Caucasus Federal University educational portal. The research results analysis was based on Kruskal Wallice H-test, the primary frequency analysis, analysis of average scale values and standard deviations for the comparison groups. The study was conducted from 13 of April to 22 of May 2020, and involved 1,173 students aged 17 to 36 years, enrolled in 1-5 years. The study suggests that the psycho-emotional state of students in the self- isolation period depends on their age: the younger the students are, the more likely they are to experience fatigue and decline in well-being, activity, mood. The study provided new data on the features of integrated assessments of students’ well-being, activity, and mood in conditions of forced self-isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


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1 North Caucasus Federal University (NCFU), Stavropol – Russia. Associate Professor and Head of the Department, Department of General and Applied Psychology. PhD in Psychological Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-2224. E-mail: magistratura_ioisn@mail.ru

2 North Caucasus Federal University (NCFU), Stavropol – Russia. Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology. PhD in Social Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9987-8600. E-mail: eversor@mail.ru

3 North Caucasus Federal University (NCFU), Stavropol – Russia. Associate Professor of the Department of General and Applied Psychology. PhD in Psychological Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6797-158. E-mail: marine.esayan@mail.ru

4 North Caucasus Federal University (NCFU), Stavropol – Russia. Associate Professor of the Department of General and Applied Psychology. PhD in Psychological Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8190- 2927. E-mail: iren977@yandex.ru

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5 North Caucasus Federal University (NCFU), Stavropol – Russia. Associate Professor of the Department of General and Applied Psychology. PhD in Psychological Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117- 6054. E-mail: jeny_sol@rambler.ru


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KEYWORDS: Psycho-emotional state. Socio-demographic factors. COVID-19 pandemic. Students. Self-isolation.


RESUMO: O estado psicoemocional dos jovens na pandemia COVID-19 pode se tornar um indicador de várias transformações e tendências sociais positivas ou negativas. O objetivo do estudo é verificar a influência de fatores sociodemográficos (sexo, idade, ano de estudo, direção da formação profissional na universidade, conciliar estudo e trabalho, residir em área rural ou na cidade, em residência particular ou um apartamento, com os pais ou independentemente) em condições de autoisolamento na avaliação dos principais componentes do estado psicoemocional dos alunos: bem-estar, atividade e humor. Usamos o método de avaliação rápida de bem-estar, atividade e humor. O teste foi realizado online; os materiais relevantes foram postados no portal educacional eCampus da Universidade Federal do Norte do Cáucaso. A análise dos resultados da pesquisa foi baseada no teste H de Kruskal Wallice, análise de frequência primária, análise dos valores médios da escala e desvios-padrão para os grupos de comparação. O estudo foi realizado de 13 de abril a 22 de maio de 2020, e envolveu

1.173 alunos com idades entre 17 e 36 anos, matriculados em 1-5 anos. O estudo sugere que o estado psicoemocional dos alunos no período de autoisolamento depende da idade: quanto mais jovens são os alunos, maior é a probabilidade de sofrerem de fadiga e declínio no bem- estar, atividade, humor. O estudo forneceu novos dados sobre as características das avaliações integradas do bem-estar, atividade e humor dos alunos em condições de autoisolamento forçado devido à pandemia COVID-19.


PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estado psicoemocional. Fatores sociodemográficos. Pandemia de COVID-19. Estudantes. Autoisolamento.


RESUMEN: El estado psicoemocional de los jóvenes en la pandemia de COVID-19 puede convertirse en un indicador de diversas transformaciones y tendencias sociales positivas o negativas. El propósito del estudio es determinar la influencia de factores sociodemográficos (género, edad, año de estudio, dirección de la formación profesional en la universidad, compaginación de estudio y trabajo, vivir en una zona rural o en una ciudad, en una casa particular). o un apartamento, con los padres o de forma independiente) en condiciones de autoaislamiento al evaluar los principales componentes del estado psicoemocional de los estudiantes: bienestar, actividad y estado de ánimo. Usamos el método de evaluación rápida del bienestar, la actividad y el estado de ánimo. La prueba se realizó en línea; los materiales pertinentes se publicaron en el portal educativo eCampus of North Caucasus Federal University. El análisis de los resultados de la investigación se basó en la prueba H de Kruskal Wallice, el análisis de frecuencia principal, el análisis de los valores de escala promedio y las desviaciones estándar para los grupos de comparación. El estudio se realizó del 13 de abril al 22 de mayo de 2020 e involucró a 1,173 estudiantes de 17 a 36 años, matriculados en 1-5 años. El estudio sugiere que el estado psicoemocional de los estudiantes en el período de autoaislamiento depende de su edad: cuanto más jóvenes son los estudiantes, es más probable que experimenten fatiga y deterioro del bienestar, la actividad y el estado de ánimo. El estudio proporcionó nuevos datos sobre las características de las evaluaciones integradas del bienestar, la actividad y el estado de ánimo de los estudiantes en condiciones de autoaislamiento forzado debido a la pandemia COVID-19.


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PALABRAS CLAVE: Estado psicoemocional. Factores sociodemográficos. Pandemia COVID-19. Estudiantes. Autoislamiento.


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Introduction


In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, which has led us to physical and social distancing and isolation, transfer of educational institutions, enterprises and services to remote work, there have occurred changes in ordinary life of every person. We are faced with a new reality: the threats to life and health, uncertainty, compounded by invisibility of the source of stress; restrictions of movement and social isolation had an impact on psychological state of many people. Their problems and deep, existential fears were actualized. Especially sharp changes in the format of life activity are experienced by the young people focused on free expression of their activity. In closed educational institutions their lives become less orderly and devoid of incentives of educational environment. There are fewer opportunities to spend time in direct contact with friends and get "live" social support.

The pandemic consequences are dangerous psychological effects that can become a greater threat to safety, life and health than the disease itself (DONTSOV et al., 2019). The conditions of formation and functioning of these psychological effects among the youth should be researched. They need a special socio-psychological analysis based on the study of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (we treat the COVID-19 pandemic as a stress factor/trigger) on the change of emotional state of students in the context of several socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, conditions and place of residence, marital status, involvement in work and etc.


Literature Review


We conducted an analysis of research on the following problems:


mental and psychological health, negative psycho-emotional consequences, psychological crisis intervention in the context of COVID-19 pandemic;

features of development, organization and regulation of mental states in different situations;

the influence of certain socio-demographic factors on characteristics of neuropsychiatric response and well-being.


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In the studies of Kolosnitsyna and Sitdikov (2012) the socio-demographic determinants of psycho-emotional state are treated as a set of dynamic parameters that determine the quality of life and affect socio-psychological well-being of the population. It acts at the individual level


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and on the scale of society, forming behavioral norms and stereotypes. Among these parameters, the authors include: age, gender, education, communication intensity, behavior of the immediate environment, family factors, income level and working conditions.

In the studies of Eliseeva, Sidorina and Pepelyaeva (2014), Shirokova and Zinyakova (2006) and Gurvich (1999) age, gender, conditions and place of residence are treated as socio- demographic factors. Gurvich (1999) identifies at least three explanatory models of gender differences in the context of neuropsychiatric health of the population. According to the psycho- physiological model, the functional features of a woman body are related to greater predisposition to neuropsychiatric diseases. The model of multiple roles focuses on the role overload of women in modern society (as a factor of neuropsychiatric pathology). The model of social-role stereotypes described in the studies of Aleshina and Lektorskaya (1989) is based on culturally determined norms of behavior that prescribe a woman to seek medical help and pharmaceutical support (and it occurs), while the male stereotype corresponds to aggression and excessive alcohol consumption. They also identified a gender-mediated stable relationship between mental health and marital status (ALESHINA; LEKTORSKAYA, 1989).

Zharikov (1990) describes the influence of age on health and psycho-emotional functional states through the social environment in the form of a life cycle, a regular change in the phases of life during age-related transitions (psycho-social transitions) of an individual. He analyzed studies on the influence of involvement in work on psychological well-being and identified two areas: the study of the impact of unemployment on neuropsychiatric state (more often manifested by mild and quickly compensating disorders) and the study of the impact of forced retirement on mental health (more often not accompanied by pathological effects).

Many researchers (FARRELL; SHIELDS, 2002; GURVICH, 1999; LEONARD;

MUDAR, 2003) highlight the special role of family factors in mental health disorders (FARRELL; SHIELDS, 2002; GURVICH, 1999; LEONARD; MUDAR, 2003). Education as

a factor of healthy behavior is studied in the works of Denisova (2010), Cutler and Lleras- Money (2010).

Thus, studies confirm the influence of socio-demographic factors on parameters of mental health, well-being, formation and dynamics of psycho-emotional states.

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From the point of view of Leonova (1984), the state is a qualitatively peculiar response of functional systems of different levels to external and internal influences that arise when performing activities that are significant for us. Different states are characterized by certain shifts in the course of the main mental processes, changes in emotional and volitional spheres, accompanying complexes of clearly expressed subjective experiences.

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Prokhorov (2011) proposed the model of structural and functional organization of mental state regulation, based on generalization of studies of relationships between the structures of consciousness and mental states. He identifies the following elements of the model: mental (subjective) experience, semantic structures, reflection, experiences, mental representations, target characteristics, situations, cultural space, lifestyle, regulatory actions, feedback, time factors. Prokhorov (2011) states, that regulation of mental state is affected by the lifestyle through a set of relevant situations, which is an important point in the context of setting objectives of our study.

In the studies of Prokhorov and Fakhrutdinova (2008), they show that the need for regulation of one's own state arises, as a rule, in the case of inadequacy of this state to life circumstances and situations.

According to Dikaya (2003), mental self-regulation of functional states should be treated as a specific type of subject’s activity which is characterized by certain relationships with professional activity. Its development determines formation of adaptive personal properties of the subject that ensure efficiency, reliability and other characteristics of professional activity.

The conceptual positions of self-regulation of functional states (LEONOVA, 1984) (structural-integrative approach) are based on activity paradigm. Self-regulation is considered at the levels of operational and technical support of activity (operation); changes in the target structure of activity (action); changes in the dominant motivational orientation of the subject of work (activity as a whole). Accordingly, each level is characterized by specifics of self- regulation. Leonova (1984) states, that this scheme is convenient for analyzing mechanisms of activity regulation ("situation — loads — conditions — current adaptive adjustments") within each of these hierarchical levels.

Some authors (COOPER; MARSHALL, 1978; LEONOVA, 1984; SELYE, 1976;

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ZINCHENKO, 1974) study the states as formed reactions determined by a complex of reasons that determine the specificity of a state in a particular situation (Introduction to Ergonomics, 1974; Cooper & Marshall, 1978; Selye, 1976). Thus, for fatigue conditions, the factors of load duration, the type of load and its organization over time are of primary importance (CAMERON, 1974; ROSENBLAT, 1975). Development of states of emotional tension is mainly determined by the increased significance of performed activity, its responsibility and complexity, the degree of readiness and other socio-psychological factors (COOPER; MARSHALL, 1978; NAYENKO, 1976).


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Thus, our analysis (of research on conditions of formation, dynamics and regulation of mental states) allows to treat the situation of the COVID-19 outbreak and the self-isolation associated with it as a powerful factor in changing the psycho-emotional state of a person.

An analysis of psychological and socio-psychological studies of response and state of the population in the context of COVID-19 pandemic showed that at the initial stage of COVID- 19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated their mental state in the range from moderate to severe, and about a third of the respondents reported moderate to severe depression and anxiety (CHEN et al., 2020; LI et al., 2020; LI et al., 2020; LI; YANG; LIU, 2020; LIU et al., 2020). No significant effects of gender, age, marriage, work experience, occupation, education level, and economic income on anxiety and depression were found in this study.

The analysis of publications on the topic of anxiety, worry and experiencing uncertainty in conditions of COVID-19 showed that population of different countries has a significant increase in the level of anxiety, depression, confusion, and hopelessness, while the level of anxiety causes disorganization of behavior, panic, suicidal thoughts, and other destructive effects, so it becomes dangerous in itself (KHARLAMENKOVA et al., 2020). Some scientists have noted the impact of increase in the number of media reports on morbidity, new cases of the disease and information about deaths on public anxiety (LIMA et al., 2019; WENJUN et al., 2020).

Rasskazova, Leontiev and Lebedeva (2020), Emelin and Thostov (2020), Thostov and Rasskazova (2020), Thostov et al. (2020) found that purposeful control of information flow and untested variants of protective behavior can reduce anxiety in a pandemic situation while maintaining psychological protective actions, the effectiveness of which is proven. When anxiety is associated with an acute and imminent risk of infection, concentration on emotions and their acceptance are not associated with deterioration in subjective well-being. Attempts to cope with anxiety in the context of a pandemic through mental withdrawal from the problem, the use of sedative drugs or denial are associated with a lower level of life satisfaction.

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The study of healthcare professionals working with coronavirus patients found signs of anxiety and depression in most of them (DAS, 2020; KANG et al., 2020; TIAN et al., 2020). Stress and negative emotions experienced by medical personnel have been characterized as trigger events leading to errors and delays in providing care to infected patients (SON; LEE; KIM, 2019). At the same time, prevalence of anxiety is higher among non-medical employees (20.7%) than among medical personnel (10.8%) (BENJAMIN et al., 2020).


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Yeen and Ning (2020) conducted a web-based survey on emotional and mental health from February 3 to 17, 2020, which revealed that the age and time spent thinking about the outbreak are potential risk factors for psychological problems in the population (JIANG et al., 2020).

An online survey of the population conducted by Karpova and Nikolaeva (2000) in social networks revealed that commitment to self-isolation is not related to the respondents' belonging to the health risk group. Despite the found association between belonging to the risk group and the fear of coronavirus infection, psycho-emotional disorders are more often diagnosed in the "health group" (45%, and 26% – in the risk group). The most vulnerable part of the population was the most active one, as that situation was frustrating its usual needs (KARPOVA; NIKOLAEVA, 2020).

The scientific review conducted by Brooks et al. (2020) determined that if people are informed about what and why is going on, how long it will last and allowed to do their meaningful activities during quarantine, provided with clear communication and basic supplies (such as food, water, and medical supplies), the negative impact of quarantine on psycho- emotional state of population is significantly reduced.

They studied the impact of working from home during forced self-isolation in India that resulted in an increase in working hours and stress levels, significant changes in professional functions and decrease in productivity. But independent creative initiatives aimed either at professional career growth or at solving long-overdue organizational issues were also found (JAISWAL; ARUN, 2020). In Iran they also studied the impact of social capital and its support on mental health of the population in a pandemic situation (the positive effect was proved) (ZANDIFAR; BADRFAM, 2020).

Zinchenko et al. (2020) conducted an online survey of self-organization and life in isolation. It showed that the majority of respondents rated their level of self-organization as average (67.6%) or high (17.3%). The ability to cope with and accept uncertainty depends primarily on flexibility, perseverance, planning goals and modeling conditions, overcoming the difficulties of self-organization (depended on the same indicators with additional contributions to reliability and programming of actions). It is noteworthy that young people experienced more difficulties in organizing their lives in conditions of self-isolation and showed a significantly lower level of self-regulation than elderly people.

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The study of psychological state of youth is of particular interest in situation of forced self-isolation, since the restriction of freedom of movement and quarantine measures have become factors of possible increase in psychopathological symptoms themselves. In COVID-

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19 pandemic, which has a high stress potential due to the threat to health and life, the level of their destructive impact significantly increases. Cross-cultural studies of young people (students) from Russia and Israel in self-isolation during the period of coronavirus spread have shown that there are no significant differences in the level of resilience of young people living in Russia and Israel. The residents of Israel do not have much higher components of "involvement", "control" or the overall level of resilience and significantly higher component of "risk acceptance" (VINICHUK, 2020). In Bangladesh, they studied prevalence of situational depression and anxiety among university students, which was 74.1% and 61.9%, respectively (HOSSAIN et al., 2019). Wenjun et al. (2020) conducted a mental health study of 7,143 Changzhi Medical College students during the COVID-19 outbreak. The results showed that living in urban areas with parents and stable family income were stabilizing factors for the students with anxiety conditions (QIU et al., 2020; WENJUN et al., 2020).

The socio-demographic factors act as conditions for states and psycho-social reactions of youth to isolation and security threats (risk of infection). Determining the psycho-emotional state of students in coronavirus pandemic is the most constructive from the point of view of analyzing the influence of socio-demographic factors (gender, age, year of study, direction of professional training at a university, combining study and work, living in a rural area or in a city, in a private house or in an apartment, with parents or independently) - that was the purpose of our research (VODENKO et al., 2018).


Materials and Methods


The assessment of students' psycho-emotional state was carried out by the method of rapid diagnostics of well — being, activity and mood (abbreviated as WAM) (DOSKIN; LAVRENTIEVA; MIROSHNIKOV, 1973), reflecting mobility, speed and pace of functions, degree of fatigue and emotional state.

The survey included the following parameters: gender, age, year of study, direction of training, combining study and work, living in a rural area or in a city, in a private house or in an apartment, with parents or independently.

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The analysis of research results was based on Kruskal Wallice H-test, the primary frequency analysis, analysis of average scale values and standard deviations for the comparison groups. The relevant materials were posted on the educational portal "eCampus of NCFU " (North Caucasus Federal University).



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The study was conducted in the period from 13 of April to 22 of May, 2020, when the Stavropol Territory of the Russian Federation had a strict regime of self-isolation (Resolution of the Governor of the Stavropol Territory of 26 March 2020, n. 119).

The study involved 1,173 students aged 17 to 36 years, studying in 1-5 years. Their training areas were as follows: the Institute of Humanities, the Institute of Life Science, the Institute of Law, the Institute of Economics and Management, the Institute of Education and Social Sciences, the Institute of Oil and Gas, the Institute of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the Institute of Mathematics and Information Technologies, the Engineering Institute of the North Caucasus Federal University. The socio-demographic characteristics of the sample are presented in Table 1.


Table 1 – Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents


gender

male

491

female

682

accommodation

village

323

city

850

apartment building

685

private house

488

independent

381

with parents

792

combining study with work

yes

472

no

701

year of study

1

335

2

372

3

262

4

182

5

21

areas of study

Humanitarian and Social Sciences

309

Technical and Natural Sciences

864

Source: Prepared by the authors


Results and Discussion


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The frequency analysis of low, medium and high indicators of integral assessments of functional psycho-emotional state of the sample showed a high incidence of poor health, reduced activity and mood among students in self-isolation (Figure 1). At the same time, students often have reduced activity indicators, which are manifested by low efficiency of activity, a decrease in the need for interaction with the external environment, predominance of external initiation of mental activity, predominance of passivity in all spheres of life.



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lrina V. BEIASHEVA; Aleksandr E. GAPICH; Marine L. YESAYAN; lrina N. POLSHAKOVA and Evgeniia V. SOLOVEVA


Figure 1 - Frequency analysis of indicators of functional psycho-emotional state of students in conditions of self-isolation


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Source: Prepared by the authors


Analysis of the results of diagnostics of well-being, activity and mood were distributed by age of the students: group 1 - students under 18 years, group 2 - 19-21 years, group 3 - 22 years and older. There were statistically significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis H-criterion) between the groups on all three of the discussed indicators (Table 2).


Table 2-The Values of Kruskal-Wallis H-test for Indicators of Well-being, Activity and Mood in 3 Student Groups of Different Age



Null hypothesis

Criteria

Value

Decision

1

The distribution of Well-being is the sarne for the categories age_cat.

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent sarnples

.000

The null hypothesis is rejected

2

The distribution of activity is the sarne for the categories age_cat.

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent sarnples

.000

The null hypothesis is rejected

3

The distribution of rnood is the sarne for the categories age_cat.

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent sarnples

.000

The null hypothesis is rejected

The asyrnptotic values are derived. The significance level is .05.

Source: Prepared by the authors


Since Kruskal-Wallis H-test is designed to identify differences between the groups, but does not determine direction of these differences, we conducted a comparative analysis of the average values, standard deviation and root-mean-square error of the average indicators of well­ being, activity, and mood in 3 student groups that differ in age (Table 3). Attention is drawn to the increase in the average values of indicators of well-being and mood among the students from the younger age group to the older one. The average values of activity index in groups 2

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RPGE- Revista on tine de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. esp. 2, p. 981-1000, May 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-9029 D01: https://doi.org/l0.22633/rpge.v25iesp.2.1528 l 990

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and 3 (19-21 years old and over 22 years old, respectively) are almost equal and higher than in group 1 (students under 18).


Table 3 – Average Values of Well-being, Activity and Mood Indicators of the Students, Depending on their Age and Gender


Indicator

Age

N

Average value

Gender

N

Average value

Well-being

up to 18

180

4.33

F

682

4.36

19-21

664

4.45

over 22

329

5.06

M

491

4.93

Activity

up to 18

180

4.02

F

682

4.05

19-21

664

4.06

over 22

329

4.56

M

491

4.39

Mood

up to 18

180

4.42

F

682

4.54

19-21

664

4.54

over 22

329

5.01

M

491

4.81

Source: Prepared by the authors


Frequency analysis of low values of integral assessments of functional emotional state in the three compared groups revealed that in the first group (under 18) there are more common low values of well-being index; in the second group (19-21 years) - low values of activity and mood; in the third group (over 22 years) low values of the discussed indicators are less common (Figure 2).


Figure 2 – Frequency Analysis of Low Values of Well-being, Activity and Mood Indicators in Student Groups (Differed by Age and Gender)


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Source: Prepared by the authors


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Thus, the age of students in self-isolation due to the spread of coronavirus infection affects their psycho-emotional state: the younger are the students, the more likely they are to


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Irina V. BELASHEVA; Aleksandr E. GAPICH; Marine L. YESAYAN; Irina N. POLSHAKOVA and Evgeniia V. SOLOVEVA


have decreased indicators of well-being, activity and mood; students over 22 years of age have a more stable psycho-emotional state in current conditions.

Analysis of the values of Kruskal-Wallis H-test for indicators of well-being, activity and mood, depending on gender of students, revealed significant differences in the discussed indicators between woman and men (Table 4).


Table 4 – Values of the Kruskal-Wallis H-test for Indicators of Well-being, Activity and Mood, (Depending on Gender of the Students)


Null hypothesis

Criteria

Value

Decision

1

The Well-being distribution is the same for the Gender categories.

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent samples

.000

The null hypothesis is rejected

2

The Activity distribution is the same for the Gender categories.

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent samples

.000

The null hypothesis is rejected

3

The Mood distribution is the same for the Gender categories.

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent samples

.001

The null hypothesis is rejected

The asymptotic values are derived The significance level is .05

Source: Prepared by the authors


In comparative analysis of mean values, standard deviations and standard error of the mean parameters of well-being, activity and mood there were revealed higher values of the discussed indicators of men emotional states (Table 3).

The results of frequency analysis show a higher occurrence of the lowest ratings of well- being, activity and mood in women when compared to men (Figure 2).

Thus, woman are more sensitive to the situation of forced self-isolation and restrictions associated with it, as well as to the threat of COVID-19 infection. In their subjective state there are more often observed: fatigue, physical discomfort, decreased physical and mental performance, inhibition of mental and mnemic activity, difficulties in concentration and switching attention, decreased activation of behavior and activity, predominance of negative emotions, apathy, sadness, excessive sensitivity and tearfulness, reduced mood background, asthenic intemperance in manifestation of emotions.


Table 5 – Values of Kruskal-Wallis H-test for Indicators of Well-being, Activity and Mood, Depending on the Field of Professional Training



Null hypothesis

Criteria

Value

Decision

1

The Well-being distribution is the same for the Inst. categories.

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent samples

.005

The null hypothesis is rejected



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RPGE– Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. esp. 2, p. 981-1000, May 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-9029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v25iesp.2.15281 992

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2

The Activity distribution is the same for the Inst. categories.

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent samples

.368

The null hypothesis is accepted

3

The Mood distribution is the same for the Inst. categories

Kruskal-Wallis criterion for independent samples

.273

The null hypothesis is accepted

The asymptotic values are derived. The significance level is .05

Source: Prepared by the authors


Our analysis of the differences in manifestations of well-being, activity and mood of the students who have chosen Humanities and social Sciences, and students who have chosen Natural or Technical Sciences, confirmed the significance of differences only for the estimated well-being (Table 5). At the same time, the average values of well-being ratings for the students studying in Natural Science and Technical areas are higher than for the students studying in Humanities and Social areas (Table 6).


Table 6 – Average Values of Indicators of Well-being, Activity and Mood in Students Studying in Different Years and Areas of Professional Training (combining / not combining study and work)


Parameters

Areas of training

Average value

Year

Average value

Study and work

Average value


Humanitarian and

4.42

1

4.39

combines

4.80


Social Sciences

2

4.66

Well-being

Natural


3

4.59




Science and

4.66

4

4.87

does not combine

4.47


Technology


5

4.80




Humanitarian and

4.15

1

4.09

combines

4.44


Social Sciences

2

4.22

Activity

Natural


3

4.23




Science and

4.21

4

4.29

does not combine

4.03


Technology


5

4.13




Humanitarian and

4.59

1

4.49

combines

4.83


Social Sciences

2

4.74

Mood

Natural


3

4.67




Science and

4.68

4

4.72

does not combine

4.53


Technology


5

4.89



Source: Prepared by the authors


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The incidence of low well-being scores is higher among the students studying in Humanities and Social Sciences (Figure 3).



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lrina V. BEIASHEVA; Aleksandr E. GAPICH; Marine L. YESAYAN; lrina N. POLSHAKOVA and Evgeniia V. SOLOVEVA


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Figure 3 - Frequency Analysis of Low Values of Well-being, Activity and Mood Indicators of Students Studying in Different Years and Areas*


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1900r


al 1900 ral1900 ral 1900 r al1900 ral1900 ral 1900ra l

D rie3 D rie 2

J

*CHS: Ciências Humanas e Sociais; CNT: Ciências Naturais e Técnicas Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores


A análise das diferenças nas manifestações de bem-estar, atividade e humor entre os alunos de diferentes anos também mostrou diferenças significativas apenas na avaliação do bem-estar (Quadro 7).


Quadro 7 - Valores do teste H de Kruskal-Wallis para indicadores de bem-estar, atividade e humor, dependendo do ano de estudo


N

Hipótese nula

Critério

Valor

Decisão

1

A distribuição de bem-estar é a mesma para as categorias do ano

Critério de Kruskal-Wallis para amostras independentes

,009

A hipótese nula é rejeitada


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RPGE- Revista online de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. esp. 2, p. 985-1004, maio 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-9029 D01: https://doi.org/l0.22633/rpge.v25iesp.2.1528 l 998

1 [  c:cJ . SM ;I I

image


2

A distribuição de atividades é a mesma para as categorias de ano.

Critério de Kruskal-Wallis para amostras independentes

,593

A hipótese nula é aceita

3

A distribuição de humor é a mesma para as categorias de ano

Critério de Kruskal-Wallis para amostras independentes

,235

The null hypothesis is accepted

Os valores assintóticos são derivados. O nível de significância é, 05.

Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores


A análise dos valores médios das avaliações de bem-estar nos diferentes anos (Quadro 6) determinou que os alunos de graduação (4-5 anos) têm maior probabilidade de avaliar seu bem-estar como física e psicologicamente confortáveis. Ao mesmo tempo, os baixos valores de bem-estar são mais comuns no 1º e no 3º ano (Figura 3).

O estudo revelou a influência da capacidade de combinar estudo com trabalho no estado psicoemocional funcional dos alunos durante o período de autoisolamento devido ao COVID- 19 (Quadro 8).


Quadro 8 – Valores do teste H de Kruskal-Wallis para indicadores de bem-estar, atividade e humor (alunos que combinam / não combinam estudo com trabalho)



Hipótese nula

Critério

Valor

Decisão

1

A distribuição de bem-estar é a mesma para as categorias Combinar Estudo com Trabalho

Critério de Kruskal-Wallis para amostras independentes

,000

A hipótese nula é rejeitada

2

A distribuição de atividades é a mesma para as categorias Combinar estudo com trabalho

Critério de Kruskal-Wallis para amostras independentes

,000

A hipótese nula é rejeitada

3

A distribuição de humor é a mesma para as categorias Combinar trabalho e estudo

Critério de Kruskal-Wallis para amostras independentes

,000

A hipótese nula é rejeitada

Os valores assintóticos são derivados. O nível de significância é, 05.

Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores


Os alunos trabalhadores avaliam seu bem-estar, atividade e humor de forma mais elevada do que os alunos que não combinam estudo com trabalho (Quadro 6).

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Alguns fatores como acomodação (prédio de apartamentos ou casa particular), morar em vila ou cidade, com os pais ou não, não têm efeito significativo no estado emocional funcional de alunos auto isolados sob a influência de medidas restritivas.


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Conclusão


A análise dos resultados do diagnóstico do estado mental e emocional mostrou que os alunos em condições de isolamento social, vivenciam uma diminuição mais intensa da atividade (em relação ao bem-estar e humor), manifestada por uma menor necessidade de interação com o meio ambiente, predominância de iniciação "externa" de atividade mental, prevalência de inatividade em todas as esferas da vida.

O estudo mostrou que quanto mais jovens são os alunos, maior é a probabilidade de eles apresentarem indicadores reduzidos de bem-estar, atividade, humor e fadiga, ou seja, são mais suscetíveis aos fatores de estresse do isolamento e da ameaça de infecção. Os alunos com mais de 22 anos apresentam um estado psicoemocional mais estável nas condições atuais. Valores mais baixos do indicador integral de bem-estar, típicos para alunos do terceiro ano, confirmam ainda mais a significância do fator idade.

O estudo descobriu que as mulheres são psicologicamente mais vulneráveis à pandemia COVID-19 e às medidas restritivas relacionadas (em comparação com os homens). Elas são mais propensas a avaliar seu bem-estar como insatisfatório e apresentar reações emocionais negativas a condições de autoisolamento e à ameaça de possível infecção.

Também é bastante fiável concluir que a avaliação do bem-estar dos alunos das áreas de Ciências Naturais e Técnicas é superior à dos alunos das Ciências Humanas e Sociais. A escolha da futura profissão e a direção de estudo correspondente refletem de alguma forma certas predisposições pessoais. As Ciências Humanas e Sociais estão mais voltadas para a comunicação interpessoal, para as quais as condições de autoisolamento atuam como restritivas. Consequentemente, o autoisolamento será percebido de forma mais aguda, reduzindo o bem- estar dos alunos nas áreas relevantes da formação.

O estudo revelou maiores valores de bem-estar, atividade e humor entre os alunos que combinam estudo com trabalho, mas não encontrou relações significativas entre o estado psicoemocional funcional dos sujeitos em situação de isolamento e possível infecção por COVID-19 e fatores sociodemográficos como local e condições de vida.

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Assim, a inclusão de fatores sociodemográficos na análise do estado psicoemocional de estudantes em condições de autoisolamento pandêmico de coronavírus nos permite determinar com mais precisão as características de resposta emocional e experiências de jovens na situação atual, identificando os fatores que aumentam ou diminuir a resistência neuropsiquiátrica dos jovens em relação às restrições e ameaças de infecção.


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Os resultados determinam tarefas adicionais de pesquisa sobre a influência de medidas perceptivas de prevenção e controle de COVID-19 no estado psicoemocional, o papel dos fatores socioeconômicos no desenvolvimento de estados emocionais negativos, desenvolvendo programas e tecnologias para reduzir o impacto destrutivo de a pandemia no bem-estar psicológico dos alunos.


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Como referenciar este artigo


BELASHEVA, I. V.; GAPICH, A. E.; YESAYAN, M. L.; POLSHAKOVA, I. N.;

SOLOVEVA, E. V. Estado psicoemocional dos alunos durante o período de autoisolamento pandêmico da COVID-19 no contexto dos fatores sociodemográficos. Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. esp. 2, p. 985-1004, maio 2021. e- ISSN:1519-9029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v25iesp.2.15281


Submetido em: 20/01/2021

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Revisões requeridas em: 18/03/2021 Aprovado em: 25/04/2021 Publicado em: 01/05/2021


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