OPÇÕES DE APOIO A ALUNOS DE ESCOLAS PRIMÁRIAS COM DEFICIÊNCIA MENTAL COM DESTAQUE NOS ASPECTOS SOCIAIS E EDUCACIONAIS NA REPÚBLICA TCHECA


OPCIONES DE APOYO PARA ALUMNOS DE ESCUELAS PRIMARIAS CON DISCAPACIDAD MENTAL CON ASPECTOS DESTACADOS SOBRE ASPECTOS SOCIALES Y EDUCATIVOS EN LA REPÚBLICA CHECA


OPTIONS OF SUPPORT FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS´ PUPILS WITH MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH HIGHLIGHTS ON SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC


Lukáš STÁREK1 Jarmila KLUGEROVÁ2

Marie KOCUROVÁ3


RESUMO: Este artigo enfoca as mudanças legais e inclusivas no ambiente das escolas primárias checas. Desde 2016, as escolas primárias checas estão a incluir na educação mais alunos com deficiência intelectual. O texto a seguir apresenta as ferramentas que apoiam a ideia de educação comum, como ajustes de suporte e uso de serviços de assistência. Além disso, apresenta uma reflexão desta abordagem moderna a partir de perspectivas de pedagogia especial e serviço social.


PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ambiente. Inclusão. Deficiência intelectual. Suporte. Aluno.


RESUMEN: Este documento se centra en los cambios legales e inclusivos en el entorno de las escuelas primarias checas. Desde 2016, las escuelas primarias checas están incluidas en la educación de más alumnos con discapacidad intelectual. El siguiente texto presenta las herramientas que respaldan la idea de educación común, como ajustes de apoyo, uso de servicios de asistencia. Además, presenta un reflejo de este enfoque moderno desde perspectivas de pedagogía especial y trabajo social.


PALABRAS CLAVE: Medio ambiente. Inclusión. Discapacidad intelectual. Apoyo. Alumno.


ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on legal and inclusive changes in Czech´s primary schools´ environment. Since 2016 Czech´s primary schools are including in the education more pupils with intellectual disability. The following text is introducing the tools which support the idea of common education such as supportive adjustments, use of assistive services. Furthermore,



1 Universidade Jan Amose Komenský (UJAK), Prague – República Tcheca. Doutor, Departamento de Educação Especial. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-215X. E-mail: starek.lukas@ujak.cz

2 Universidade Jan Amose Komenský (UJAK), Prague – República Tcheca. Doutora, Departamento de Educação Especial. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7174-3704. E-mail: klugerova.jarmila@ujak.cz

3 Universidade Jan Amose Komenský (UJAK), Prague – República Tcheca. Doutora, Departamento de Educação Especial. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8907-8140. E-mail: kocurova.marie@ujak.cz



it presents a reflection of this modern approach from perspectives of special pedagogy and social work.


KEYWORDS: Environment. Inclusion. Intellectual disability. Support. Pupil.


Introdução


A política educacional na República Tcheca está focada no desenvolvimento do sistema educacional que coloca a educação na vanguarda das preocupações da sociedade e dos indivíduos. A educação é entendida como os valores significativos que uma pessoa vai cultivando ao longo de toda a sua vida. A educação de qualidade deve ser acessível a todos; assim, todos têm a mesma chance de uma vida melhor. Em cada nível de ensino, é crucial que os alunos saibam o que se espera deles e o que podem esperar da educação. A educação baseia-se na compreensão humana atual, apoia a criatividade e acomoda as necessidades da sociedade. A pessoa acumula conhecimento ao longo de toda a vida e seu interesse pela educação é apoiado por uma equipe educacional experiente. A equipe deve estar devidamente preparada para o seu papel, devendo ser capaz de liderar e motivar os alunos a atingirem ao máximo as metas estabelecidas no que diz respeito à tendência social de inclusão na educação.

A integração das pessoas com deficiência em uma sociedade de igualdade de oportunidades tornou-se o principal objetivo da pedagogia das necessidades especiais (VÍTKOVÁ, 2004). A inclusão é o conceito que apoia a integração das pessoas com deficiência. Este termo é entendido como a integração de alunos individuais nas escolas do ensino regular. Decorre do remorso pela rotulagem e estigmatização e pretende acabar com as instituições de necessidades especiais e a pedagogia das necessidades especiais (BARTOŇOVÁ, 2017). O objetivo primordial da inclusão envolve a educação coletiva de alunos individuais em escolas “comuns”, sem considerar o nível de sua deficiência (HÁJKOVÁ; STRNADOVÁ, 2010).

O rótulo de educação inclusiva tem sido usado recentemente para muitas atividades e procedimentos, o que pode levar a mal-entendidos. A educação inclusiva pode ser julgada como a preservação da política educacional na República Tcheca. É crucial reconhecer o que cria inclusão, ou seja, tentativas de mudança e métodos e formas alternativas de trabalho. Um aspecto muito sensível do processo de educação inclusiva é o lado moral, o direito de cada membro da sociedade a ter igual acesso à educação e também o apoio financeiro à educação



inclusiva. Esses são os aspectos cruciais da introdução da educação inclusiva na prática (CLOUGH; CORBETT, 2005).

No âmbito da educação inclusiva, a família deve ser mencionada, tanto na perspectiva do ambiente onde a criança/aluno vive e que a influencia, como na perspectiva de parceira de uma instituição educativa. Comunicação, confiança e respeito são áreas que garantem a eficácia da cooperação entre a escola e a família. Os pais, e possivelmente até a escola, compartilham uma responsabilidade comum no processo de criação e ensino de uma criança, e sem cooperação não é possível assegurar uma influência positiva sobre ela (STÁREK, 2021).


A obrigatoriedade da educação de alunos com deficiência intelectual


Na República Tcheca, o ensino primário obrigatório é de 9 anos. Depois de terminar a educação pré-escolar obrigatória – um ano de serviços pré-escolares, segue-se a educação primária obrigatória. O ensino primário é obrigatório para todos, sem distinção, assim também para os alunos com qualquer nível de deficiência intelectual. O ensino primário obrigatório começa aos 6 anos de idade. Existe a possibilidade de atraso com uma condição – que uma criança com atraso comece a sua educação mais tarde durante o ano letivo, quando completa 8 anos. Assim, um aluno pode concluir o ensino primário obrigatório aos 17 anos. No entanto, a pedido dos responsáveis legais, o diretor pode adiar a conclusão até que o aluno complete 18 anos. No entanto, outra exceção pode ser feita para alunos com deficiência, que podem ter sua graduação adiada até os 20 anos. Além disso, com base na decisão do diretor da instituição de ensino, a conclusão da escolaridade obrigatória para alunos com deficiência intelectual média, deficiência intelectual alta, deficiência múltipla e autismo pode ser adiada até que eles tem 26 anos (BEDNOVÁ, 2012).

Nos últimos anos, a sociedade visa educar crianças com deficiência intelectual leve em

escolas primárias “comuns”. Assim, as crianças com deficiência intelectual leve tornam-se alunos com necessidades educativas especiais. Os alunos com deficiência intelectual têm duas opções quando iniciam o ensino primário obrigatório. A primeira opção é ser integrado na escola primária com alunos sem deficiência ou ser educado em escola primária especial.



A escola primária


O início da escolaridade obrigatória é um marco importante na vida de todas as crianças. A criança assume um novo papel de aluno e, com o papel, cresce seu prestígio social. Em uma escola primária “comum”, uma criança obtém as primeiras impressões dos colegas e professores sobre a deficiência de uma criança. A criança não encontra apenas uma atitude positiva em relação à sua deficiência, principalmente por parte dos colegas de classe (VÁGNEROVÁ, 2000). O sucesso da integração depende de muitos fatores, como o apoio às normas legislativas e as posições da família, das escolas e dos serviços de aconselhamento. Toda criança tem o direito de ser educada e deve ter a oportunidade de alcançar um nível de educação acessível.

O ensino primário resulta na familiarização dos alunos com as estratégias de aprendizagem fundamentais e na motivação para a aprendizagem ao longo da vida. Além disso, ensina-os a pensar criativamente, resolver problemas adequados, comunicar-se de forma eficaz e cooperar. Outro objetivo da educação primária é ensinar as crianças a proteger ativamente sua saúde física e bem-estar. Fornece-lhes a base de valores e princípios de vida. Outro objetivo é ensinar os alunos a serem tolerantes e respeitosos com pessoas de diferentes etnias, fés, valores e crenças. Finalmente, o objetivo é ensinar os alunos a reconhecer suas possibilidades e habilidades e ensiná-los a usar seus conhecimentos e habilidades em sua vida futura (MİCHALÍK, 2003).

No que diz respeito às estatísticas, é evidente um esforço na República Tcheca para difundir a educação inclusiva. Não são apenas as crianças com deficiência intelectual ligeira cujos pais decidiram integrá-las e educá-las na escola primária “comum”. O número de alunos com deficiência intelectual leve nas escolas primárias está crescendo, de acordo com o Anuário Estático para 2016–2017 (MİNİSTERSTVO ŠKOLSTVÍ, 2020). Durante o ano letivo 2016/2017, frequentaram as escolas primárias 3.780 alunos com deficiência intelectual leve. No ano letivo 2019/2020, o número destes alunos aumentou para 4.855.

De acordo com a Seção 16, parágrafo 9 da Lei da Educação, a educação na primeira fase segue o programa educacional-quadro para a escola primária e é regulamentada no programa educacional escolar. Os alunos do segundo ciclo terminam a sua formação com base no Programa Quadro Educativo do Ensino Primário – o anexo que regula a educação dos alunos com deficiência intelectual leve, novamente regulamentado no programa educativo escolar. Durante o ano letivo 2019/2020, é colocada em prática esta educação de alunos com



deficiência intelectual leve. O processo de ensinar e educar os alunos é modificado para suas

necessidades e habilidades (VÍŠEK, 2020).

Outro aspecto importante é a perspectiva jurídica, as tendências modernas na história dos estados democráticos e de direito estão apresentando exigências para que os moradores sejam parte ativa na produção de um ambiente juridicamente estável e sólido em relação aos direitos humanos primários e liberdades. Os estados democráticos sólidos criam regras e sistemas jurídicos complicados para garantir o uso seguro e justo dos direitos humanos e das liberdades. Além disso, para garantir o cumprimento das responsabilidades legais.


Medidas de apoio e formação


As medidas de apoio destinam-se principalmente a alunos com necessidades educativas especiais e estão a apoiar os alunos no cumprimento do seu potencial educativo. A maioria dos alunos está a utilizar as medidas de apoio porque tem deficiências de saúde, doenças ao longo da vida ou porque são provenientes de um ambiente social pouco estimulante ou são imigrantes. Para receber medidas de apoio um aluno pode ser da escola primária e também da escola especial (BARTOŇOVÁ, 2013).

São diferentes tipos de medidas de apoio para todos os tipos de alunos, ou seja, alunos com deficiência intelectual e com desenvolvimento cognitivo mais fraco, alunos com desvantagem social, alunos com perturbação do espectro autista ou doenças psicológicas diversas, alunos com perturbações físicas ou doenças graves, alunos com deficiência visual ou distúrbios no sentido visual, alunos com deficiência auditiva ou distúrbios no sentido da audição e alunos com problemas de comunicação comunicação.

O nível de medidas de apoio e necessidade educativa do aluno são atribuídos com base em vários diagnósticos pedagógicos (especiais) e psicológicos feitos pelos serviços de aconselhamento da escola ou centro pedagógico especial. O sistema de apoio e o seu trabalho centram-se no apoio a um aluno que necessita igualar sua desvantagem nas diversas situações. O sistema de suporte inclui estes campos de suporte:



The context of support measures for pupils with intellectual disabilities


The support measures are defined in Czech legislation, namely Act No. 82/2015 Coll (CZECH REPUBLIC, 2015), which amends Act No. 561/2004 Coll. (CZECH REPUBLIC,

2004), on Preschool, Primary, High, Higher Specialised, and Other Education and in Decree No. 27/2016 Coll. (CZECH REPUBLIC, 2016) on the Education of Pupils with Special Education Needs and Gifted Pupils. The support measures are grounded in the counselling assistance of a school and school counselling office. With regards to the recommendation from the counselling office, several features have been amended: organisation of content, evaluation, form and methods of education and school services. The changes include the safeguarding of teaching the subject of special pedagogical care and prolonging of the study period either high school or higher specialised education for two years. Furthermore, the conditions of acceptance and conditions of ending the education are also amended. Also, the use of compensatory aids, specialised textbooks and special teaching aids, use of communication systems for deaf and deaf-blind students are defined, and the expected learning outcomes of the study with regards to the educational framework programs and accredited educational programs will be adjusted. They also stipulate the possibilities of education according to individual educational plans, the help of a teacher assistant or another teaching professional (interpreter, transcriber etc).

The range of disability severities requires a corresponding range of support measures,

so the results can be most suitable for a pupil and the best possible outcomes can be met. The support measures are divided into five main categories based on organisational, pedagogical and financial difficulty. The support measures can be combined. The support measures are used chronologically, so the highest provisions are used after the lower provisions are insufficient and the pupil is not able to meet the requirements. Inclusion in support measures is provided for by a statutory instrument. The support measures of the first level can be applied by the school on its own. However, the support measures from the second to the fifth level can be applied only by recommendation of counselling service. The condition of



applying the support measures from the second to the fifth level is the agreement of an adult pupil or his/her legal guardian. If the support measures from the second to the fifth level are not needed, the school can cease offering them after consultation with the pupil’s legal guardian.

The aim of the first level of support measures is to apply the common method of work, which can act as prevention against the pupil’s poor performance at school. “The support measures of the first level present the minimal adjustment of the methods, organisation and evaluation of education. They are offered to a pupil who needs adjustment in education or school services or integration in the collective. The first level support measures are not financially demanding. If the first level supportive provisions did not meet the needs of a pupil, the school or educational institution (further school) would offer the pupil use of school counselling with the aim of assessing their special educational needs. The correct implementation can result in stabilisation of performance and may prevent repeated school failure, aversion to education and falling to lower levels. The support measures identify teachers with regards to knowing the pupil. They can analyse his/her work by monitoring him/her in class, through long-term evaluation and knowledge of his/her health as well as their family and social situation. This knowledge leads to possibly identifying the causes of failure and tabling those measures that will prevent educational issues in the future. The support for pupils is provided by teachers after consultation with their colleagues from the counselling service. The adjustment of educational content does not have any influence on the level of results. It is useful to cooperate with classmates or parents, mainly during the home preparation for school. The usual materials are used (MICHALÍK, 2015).

The second level of support measures requires the provision of those special-needs

teaching methods that a teacher is able to use without interrupting the educational process of other pupils. It is ideal to include a pupil in collective education. These measures are implemented on the recommendation of school counselling services, which are defined by the counsellor. Most often, these measures include the change in seating positions, adjustment of the length of a lesson and breaks, setting up a specific work focused on the use of vision and hearing, and creation of diverse working limits for a pupil. The lessons take place with the rest of the class, but with the individual attention of a teacher to the pupil and problematic topics. If it is needed, it is possible to use specialised teaching aids (i.e., large-print materials, modified descriptive tools, use of the calculator, writing on computer etc.). The content of education is based on an educational framework program, but some results can be limited according to the abilities of a pupil. At this level of support measures, it is possible to use the


individual educational program, but it does not include recommendations for adjustments. If needed, there could be used another pedagogical worker such as a teacher assistant and more likely there is used, shared teacher assistant. The shared teacher assistant is assigned to multiple pupils with similar educational problems. However, the shared assistant is limited and more likely they are assigned for one hour per week. Each school that is educating according to the second level of supportive provision is avowed adequate financial support (MICHALÍK; MONČEK; BASLEROVÁ, 2015).

The third level of support measures is characterised by serious intervention into the lessons and organisation of the whole class where the pupil is. These provisions are implemented on the recommendation of the school pedagogical service. The pupil’s special- needs requirements demand noticeable adjustments in the methodology of work, in the organisation and course of education, in the school’s educational program and in the pupil’s assessment. The educational needs of a pupil are influenced by many factors such as educational disorders, different cultural background and home life, behavioural disorders, severe speech impairment (communication skills), severe speech defects, autistic spectrum disorders, mild intellectual disability, vision and hearing impairment (purblind, hearing loss), physical handicap and unfamiliarity with the language of instruction. All these disabilities and handicaps influence the quality and process of education. During the educational process, the support of the teacher assistant is crucial. The length of using the support measures ranges from months to years. During the education is important to use all accessible supportive provisions including diverse methods, forms, and guidelines. Also, the pupil’s abilities and skills have to be respected and considered during the evaluation of the pupil’s work. The pupils are educated by their individual educational program which is based on the adjusted educational framework. The content of education can be reduced, and the results of the educational process consider the skills and abilities of the pupil. Along with workbooks special textbooks, teaching, compensatory, and rehabilitation aids are used.

Based on pupils’ needs, class size could be reduced. Furthermore, a shared teacher

assistant can be used in this class as well. However, the hourly support for a teacher assistant in this class is from 5–8 hours per week. The schools which educate pupils with the need for supportive provisions of the third level can ask for financial support, which allows schools to create study groups of 8–14 pupils.

Essential adjustments to the education and organisation are then set by the support measures of the fourth level. These measures are implemented on the recommendation of the school pedagogical service. The pupil with this level of measures is educated according to the

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individual educational program (if they are integrated). If the pupil is educated in the school established for pupils with special education needs they are educated according to an adjusted educational school program. Special-pedagogical intervention is important which is more often than at previous levels. In class, specific textbooks are used, and didactic, compensatory and rehabilitation aids as well. Nevertheless, there is a need to adjust the working environment in the classroom. The lesson is taught by a special teacher with the necessary qualification. Usually, the teacher assistant who helps with the self-care and movement of pupils takes part. The support measures of the fourth level are always based on recommendations of schools counselling services. Similar to the previous level, the schools educating pupils with the fourth level of support measures can obtain financial support, which would allow them to create study groups of 6–8 pupils.

The highest level of support measure is the fifth level of supportive provisions. This level involves the major changes in organisation, methodology of education and forms of education as well. The content of education is always modified and adapted with regards to pupil’s skills and abilities. The education follows the individual educational plan. The pupil’s educational organisation and methodology selection are fully adapted to the abilities, skills, and health conditions of the pupil. The fifth level of support measures is assigned to pupils with the severest level of physical disability or multiple disabilities, which require a great level of support. The health conditions are taken into account when making adjustments to the organisation, content, forms, and methodology of education. The choice of support measures fully respects the pupil’s abilities and limits during the educational content and methods, and the assessment of the pupil. The education of pupils with support measures at the fifth level usually involves the adjustment of the working environment (TEPLÁ, 2015). In lessons, it is crucial to use specialised textbooks and other educational materials, as well as the use of financially challenging didactic, rehabilitation and compensation tools. It is always necessary to adjust the working environment in the classroom. If necessary, home-schooling on an individual basis is used. This is provided by school teachers or an STC employee. Like other levels of support measures, the school can obtain financial support which would allow individual education for the pupils for 6–8 hours per week or small classes of up to 6 pupils. Special classes in schools, departments, and study groups can be set up for pupils with intellectual disabilities. Only those pupils for whom the supportive provisions were not sufficient to fulfil the educational opportunities and to exercise the right to education can be included in such a study group. The condition for placement in the group is a written request signed by the legal guardian, the recommendation of school counselling service and


agreement with the pupil’s interest. To create the class, department or study group is necessary to have an agreement from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport if the schools are run by the ministry. If the school is run by a region, the creation must be permitted by the regional office.


Other support tools – teacher assistant and personal assistant


Every pupil should have the right to receive appropriate support accordingly to their talent, skills, and abilities. A pupil with special educational needs is a pupil who needs support to fulfil their potential and rights. One of the support measures is teacher assistant during education in a school. For many pupils, it is a crucial tool for the successful accomplishment of schooling.

A teacher assistant is the second pedagogue in a class and together with special pedagogues and under their guidance the teacher assistant work with a pupil who requires support. Also, the teacher assistant helps with the organization of education thus all pupils can participate. The basic activities of a teacher assistant define public notice no. 27/2016 coll. (CZECH REPUBLIC, 2016). The activities include help with upbringing and education of pupils with specific educational needs, support during adaptation to schools´ environment, help during preparation for education and during education. However, during these activities and the teacher assistant´s help, the pupil is navigated to be the most independent as possible. Another activity, while an assistant is helping, is self-care activities, or activities organized by the school. A teacher assistant can help with the reconnection of a pupil´s family. A teacher assistant has a significant influence on the whole class – social-psychological relations in class, they fulfil the educational needs of all pupils, thus the pupils without special educational needs also. The teacher assistant should have many competencies such as positive relation towards children, ability to communicate with teacher and parents, patience, consistency, will learn from colleagues (srov. 8,12,16,18,19,20).

Pedagogical assistance is different from personal assistance in many aspects. Personal

assistance is provided to one concrete client, and it is provided by an organization managed by the Ministry of work and social services based on law no. 108/2006 coll., about social services (CZECH REPUBLIC, 2006; NĚMEC, 2014) Infield of special education, a personal assistant is mainly used for help with the transfer to and from a school, including help with the change of clothes, help with hygiene, providing food and water (UZLOVÁ, 2010). Whether the services of personal assistance should lead to the development of independence


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the cooperation between specialist is crucial. Mainly the cooperation between special pedagogues, psychologists, teacher assistants and personal assistants, doctors, teachers, and others. From a practical perspective is the most comfortable for a pupil, a teacher, and an assistant when the teacher assistant and personal assistant is one person. However, it depends on the legal working relationship. Personal assistants are working as teaching assistants (BAZALOVÁ, 2014). It is important to help financial for securing a personal assistant. However, this does not correspond with free compulsory schooling. In term of education, mainly inclusive education a personal assistant is seen as extra services, whereas a teacher assistant is seen as a crucial tool.


Discussion and conclusion


The support measures help to meet a pupil´s special educational needs. In the context of this paper, the pupils were pupils with intellectual disability. Nowadays work with these pupils is based on the level of support measures, and not on the level of their intellectual disability. The support measures are divided into five categories. The first level of support measures is up to schools and their organization, from the second level the support measures can be placed only with a recommendation from the school´s counselling services. The support measures are placed into diverse fields such as organization of education, modification of educational methods and form of work, preparation for education, interventions, tools, adjustments of educational content, classification, health and social support, work class collective, and adjustment of environment. Into the support measures are included education based on the individual educational plan and services of a teacher assistant. The individual educational plan is based on a pupil´s knowledge and skills with regards to their intellectual disability. The plan is setting up the goals which a pupil should achieve. Also, it frames the time and content schedule of topics that should be covered. Plus, the plan states methods and form of education and the methods of classification. The teacher assistant supports a pupil with an intellectual disability, they cooperate with teachers and parents.

The motivation or idea for inclusion, so common education of pupils without

disabilities and pupils with disabilities is currently the most discussed topic in the Czech´s schooling. It is a very actual, and modern theme that still needs to be discussed and highlighted. The idea of inclusive education is to educate all pupils together without any differences. Since 1st September 2016, inclusive education has been implemented in real



schools, for now only in primary schools. This change has forced some legal changes. However, it brought more changes in practice. It involves more optional education for pedagogues who might have problems implementing inclusive education into practice because they do not know or might do not know how to use legal news in practice.

Currently, Czech´s education is trying to integrate pupils with disabilities into mainstream schools. However, successful integration involves the preparation of all participants. Nevertheless, not everyone is excised about inclusive education. There are parents who prefer to educate their child with a disability in a specific primary school. They believe that their child is receiving all possible support and development of all personal parts in there. Therefore, they are not following the inclusive trend in primary schools. Inclusive education is stated in law, so all children with disabilities have the best possible option for education and successful life in society.

Throughout respecting all differences of all pupils, the inclusive education can be seen as kind of successful education which removes discrimination and enriches life quality of all participants.


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How to reference this article


STÁREK, L.; KLUGEROVÁ, J.; AND KOCUROVÁ, M. Optıons of support for prımary schools´ pupıls wıth mental dısabılıtıes wıth hıghlıghts on socıal and educatıonal aspects ın the Czech Republıc. Revista online de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. 3, p. 2552-2566, Sep./Dec. 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-9029. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v25i2.15841


Submitted: 10/09/2021 Required revisions: 13/10/2021 Approved: 11/11/2021 Published: 08/12/2021



RPGE– Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. 3, p. 2552-2566, Sep./Dec. 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-9029