A RELAÇÃO ENTRE ESTADOS EMOCIONAIS POSITIVOS E NEGATIVOS E A MOTIVAÇÃO DOS ALUNOS DO ENSINO MÉDIO QUE PRATICAM ESPORTES


LA RELACIÓN ENTRE ESTADOS EMOCIONALES POSITIVOS Y NEGATIVOS Y MOTIVACIÓN DE ESTUDIANTES DE BACHILLERATO HACIENDO DEPORTES


THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL STATES AND MOTIVATION OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS DOING SPORTS


Melih BALYAN1

Cemali ÇANKAYA2


RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a Relação entre os Estados Emocionais Positivos e Negativos e a Motivação de Alunos do Ensino Médio a Praticar Esportes. A amostra da pesquisa é composta por 441 alunos de ensino médio no total, 290 do sexo masculino e 151 do feminino. Com o formulário de informações pessoais para determinar as características demográficas, a escala Panas que foi desenvolvida por Watson et al. (1988) e adaptada para o turco por Gençöz (2000) e que examina estados emocionais com dimensões positivas e negativas, e a Escala de Motivação Esportiva que foi desenvolvida por Pelletier et al. (1995) e adaptada para o turco por Kazak (2004). Os dados obtidos foram analisados com o programa estatístico SPSS 23.0. Na avaliação dos dados foram utilizados o teste t para amostras independentes e os testes de análise de variância (ANOVA) para diferenças entre grupos e o teste “Tukey Post Hoc” e o teste de Correlação de Pearson. Como resultado da pesquisa; níveis de sucesso e motivação específicos de esportes de alunos que estão constantemente envolvidos em esportes; os níveis de significância foram examinados de acordo com sexo, idade, escolaridade, nível de renda, local de residência, tempo de prática de esportes, prática de esportes com licença, frequência de prática de esportes e interesse por ramos diferentes, e foi verificado que não houve diferença significante.


PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Aluno do ensino médio. Atleta. Emoções positivas e negativas (panas). Motivação no esporte.


RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la relación entre los estados emocionales positivos y negativos y la motivación de los estudiantes de secundaria que practican deporte. La muestra de la investigación está formada por 441 estudiantes en total,

290 hombres y 151 mujeres, que cursan estudios de secundaria. Con el formulario de información personal para determinar características demográficas, la escala Panas que fue desarrollada por Watson et al. (1988) y adaptado al turco por Gençöz (2000) y que examina estados emocionales con dimensiones positivas y negativas, y The Sports Motivation Scale que fue desarrollada por Pelletier et al. (1995) y adaptado al turco por Kazak (2004). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS 23.0. En la evaluación de los


1 Universidade Ege (EGE), İzmir – Turquia. Professor Associado, Faculdade de Ciências do Esporte. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-7456. E-mail: melihbalyan@hotmail.com

2 Universidade Sabahattin Zaim de Istambul (IZU), Istanbul – Turquia. Professor da Faculdade de Ciências do Esporte. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7973-5816. E-mail: cemali.cankaya@izu.edu.tr



datos se utilizó la prueba t para muestras independientes y las pruebas de análisis de varianza unidireccional (ANOVA) para diferencias entre grupos y la prueba “Tukey Post Hoc” y la prueba de correlación de Pearson. Como resultado de la investigación; los niveles de motivación y éxito deportivos específicos de los estudiantes que participan constantemente en los deportes; Se examinaron los niveles de significancia según sexo, edad, educación, nivel de ingresos, lugar de residencia, duración de la práctica deportiva, práctica deportiva con licencia, frecuencia de práctica deportiva, interés por las diferentes ramas, y se observó que estadísticamente no existía diferencia significativa.


PALABRAS CLAVE: Estudiante de bachillerato. Deportista. Emociones positivas y negativas (panas). Motivación en el deporte.


ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to The Relationship Between Positive And Negative Emotional States And Motivation Of High School Students Doing Sports. The sample of the research consists of 441 students in total, 290 Male and 151 Female, studying at high schools. With the personal information form to determine demographic characteristics, the Panas scale which was developed by Watson et al. (1988) and adapted into Turkish by Gençöz (2000) and which examines emotional states with positive and negative dimensions, and The Sports Motivation Scale which was developed by Pelletier et al. (1995) and adapted into Turkish by Kazak (2004), were used. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 23.0 statistical package program. In the evaluation of the data, t-test for independent samples and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests for differences between groups and the “Tukey Post Hoc” test and Pearson Correlation test were used. As a result of the research; sports-specific success and motivation levels of students who are constantly engaged in sports; significance levels were examined according to gender, age, education, income level, place of residence, duration of doing sports, doing sports with license, frequency of doing sports, and being interested in different branches, and it was seen that there was no statistically significant difference.


KEYWORDS: High school student. Athlete. Positive and negative emotions (panas). Motivation in sports.


Introdução


Quando investigamos a origem do termo “motivação”, nos deparamos com motus, que significa movimento em latim (ADAIR, 2003). As razões subjacentes aos comportamentos dos seres humanos ao longo da vida são discutidas no âmbito do conceito de motivo (HAZAR et al., 2018). A motivação, que direciona os indivíduos ao comportamento e é o conceito mais importante na formação de comportamentos, é definida como a força que direciona o comportamento (ROBERTS et al., 2007). A motivação cria o estímulo, a direção e a continuidade do comportamento (FRANKEN, 1994).

A motivação pode ser definida como vários fatores internos e externos que empurram o organismo para o comportamento, determinam a regularidade e continuidade desses




comportamentos, dão direção e propósito ao comportamento, e os mecanismos que asseguram o seu funcionamento (AYDIN, 2001). Quando nossos motivos são examinados em geral, eles são divididos em duas categorias principais. Motivação extrínseca e motivação intrínseca. A motivação extrínseca não é uma situação diretamente relacionada ao próprio atleta. São os efeitos positivos ou negativos de diversas situações que ocorrem no ambiente externo sobre o atleta. Em outras palavras, a motivação extrínseca é um comportamento autocriado (LUG, 1995). A motivação extrínseca inclui influências externas ao indivíduo. A motivação extrínseca é o reforço que pode ter efeitos negativos e positivos por meio de outras pessoas, aumentar ou diminuir a probabilidade de repetição do comportamento e carregar valores materiais e morais. Recompensas externas (medalhas, copos, dinheiro, etc.) podem vir de meios materiais, bem como de recursos intangíveis (para ganhar respeito, valorização, elogios, etc.) (TÜRKMEN, 2005).

Por outro lado, a motivação intrínseca é a resposta às necessidades da pessoa. A curiosidade, o saber, o desejo de ser suficiente e o desejo de desenvolver podem ser dados como exemplos de motivos internos (SELÇUK, 1996). A motivação intrínseca, em suma, é a automotivação. Pessoas intrinsecamente motivadas têm uma fome intrínseca de serem engenhosas. Essas pessoas têm a capacidade de gerenciar a si mesmas para serem bem- sucedidas (NICHOLLS, 1992). Uma pessoa intrinsecamente motivada transforma pensamento em ação, estabelece metas e age para alcançá-las (GEORGE, 1997).

Emoção: O estado de sentimento ou consciência que é causado por uma característica estimulante externa (som, cheiro, cor, forma, temperatura, sabor) ou uma mudança no corpo humano (fome, sede, náusea, excitação sexual) (BUDAK, 2001). Emoção Positiva: É o estado em que as pessoas se refletem como entusiasmadas, ativas, excitadas, alertas. A emotividade positiva inclui emoções curiosas (interessadas), excitadas, fortes, entusiasmadas e alertas (vivas) (WATSON et al., 1988). Emoção Negativa: Inclui uma variedade de estados emocionais impulsivos, como raiva, desprezo, nojo, culpa, medo e timidez. Expressa-se como a medida geral de responsabilidade que gera angústia pessoal e não dá prazer às pessoas (WATSAN, 1988). Segundo Myers e Derakshan (2004), a emoção é definida como um todo psicofisiológico que ocorre quando os processos cognitivos do indivíduo afetam os processos ambientais. As emoções, que são tratadas com diferentes dimensões de acordo com diferentes abordagens teóricas, afetam os indivíduos em diversas áreas (GROSS, 1999). Afirma-se que as emoções têm muitos efeitos no processo de tomada de decisão, como preparar reações motoras, melhorar o aprendizado e regular comportamentos sociais.



O esporte permite ao indivíduo livrar-se de seu próprio mundo estreito e dialogar com outras pessoas, crenças e pensamentos, ser influenciado por elas e influenciá-las. Com esse aspecto, pode-se dizer que o esporte favorece o estabelecimento e reforço de novas amizades e coesão social (BUĞDAYCI, 2000). A abordagem da motivação para a realização vê as situações de motivação como a base do comportamento esportivo. Essas situações de motivação são denominadas como a motivação para abordar o sucesso e a motivação para evitar o fracasso (DOĞAN, 2005). Se a razão para as diferenças de motivação puder ser compreendida, pode ser mais fácil motivar as pessoas na direção positiva. A motivação para o sucesso no esporte surge como resultado do aumento das expectativas do atleta para o futuro. O prazer e a satisfação de realizar um trabalho criam novas exigências e novas expectativas no atleta para o sucesso futuro. Essa motivação é chamada de motivação de realização no esporte (TURHAN, 2009). Ntuomanis (2005) afirmou que os alunos intrinsecamente motivados nas aulas de educação física gostam das aulas e não ficam entediados; afirmaram que a motivação intrínseca vivenciada nas aulas de educação física e esportes é o fator mais determinante para adquirir o hábito de levar uma vida fisicamente ativa após os anos escolares. À medida que aumenta a satisfação no trabalho dos indivíduos que trabalham em ambientes esportivos, aumenta o benefício que eles proporcionarão dentro da organização (SUNAY et al., 2020). O fato de os alunos com deficiência auditiva dedicarem tempo significativo à educação física e atividades esportivas, conscientizando a sociedade, representando seu país nos jogos paralímpicos, mostra que eles têm uma atitude positiva em relação à educação física e ao esporte (DALBUDAK; YIGIT, 2019).

Hoje, a educação física e o esporte são atividades conscientes e planejadas que visam

o desenvolvimento físico, social e emocional do ser humano, que são a principal fonte das gerações em crescimento, e são aceitos como parte integrante e complementar da educação geral (YILDIRAN, 1996). Embora a motivação no esporte seja um fator importante que se complementa, é um dos principais fatores que fortalecem o foco e o desejo de vencer para atingir os objetivos dos atletas. As pessoas às vezes se sentem tristes e infelizes. Deixar seu emprego, perder um ente querido ou não ter sucesso são eventos da vida que causam tristeza. (ACAR et al., 2017). O atleta que perde a partida não gosta dessa situação, mas passa a pensar diferente depois de passar por muita coisa com o apoio de seu treinador e familiares (ALAEDDINOĞLU, 2021).





Metodologia


Nesta pesquisa, como instrumentos de coleta de dados, o Formulário de Informações Pessoais, elaborado pela pesquisadora, a escala de Panas que foi desenvolvida por Watson et al. (1988) e adaptado para o turco por Gençöz (2000) e que examina os estados emocionais com dimensões positivas e negativas, e a Escala de Motivação Esportiva desenvolvida por Pelletier et al. (1995) e adaptado para o turco por Kazak (2004).


Análise de dados


  1. Escala de Panas (escala de afeto positivo e negativo)


    Cada questão da Escala de Panas pode ser pontuada entre 1 e 5 e são 20 questões. 1: muito pouco, 2: pouco, 3: médio, 4: bastante e 5: muito. Uma pontuação entre 20 e 100 pode ser obtida a partir da escala. Se a pontuação total estiver próxima de 100, significa que o indivíduo teve muita intensidade emocional nas últimas duas semanas, enquanto uma pontuação próxima de 20 significa que a intensidade emocional é baixa. A escala tem duas subdimensões básicas. É composto por 10 afirmações em duas subdimensões, e a pontuação total que pode ser obtida para ambas as subdimensões está entre 10 e 50. Uma pontuação total próxima de 10 indica baixa emoção positiva ou negativa, e perto de 50 indica a intensidade dessas emoções.

    1) Emoção positiva: questões 1 – 3 – 5 – 9 – 10 – 12 – 14 – 16 – 17 – 19.

    2) Emoção negativa: questões 2 – 4 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 11 – 13 – 15 – 18 – 20.


    Tabela 1 – Estatísticas resumidas descritivas da “Escala de Panas” e pontuações de subescala



    Escala e Min.

    Max.

    Escala Panas 1

    0

    Emoção Positiva 0

    0

    Emoção Negativa 0

    3

    Subescalas

    Média Desvio

    Distorção Curtose Alfa de




    padrão



    Cronbach

    56,6349

    9,1713

    0,277

    0,413

    0,896

    36,5760

    7,3527

    -0,766

    0,771

    0,827

    20,0590

    7,2907

    0,892

    0,463

    0,815

    Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores



    Quando se examinam os valores de assimetria e curtose da Escala e das Subescalas, verifica-se que todas estão entre -2 e +2. Se os valores de assimetria e curtose estiverem entre

    -2 e +2, a suposição de distribuição normal pode ser aceita para os valores de pontuação da escala (GEORGE; MALLERY, 2010). O valor do Alfa de Cronbach, que mede a confiabilidade da “Escala de Panas” da qual participaram 441 indivíduos, foi encontrado α=0,896. Além disso, o valor Alfa de Cronbach da subdimensão afeto positivo foi α=0,827 e o valor Alfa de Cronbach da subdimensão afeto negativo foi α=0,815. Conclui-se que a Escala de Panas e suas Subdimensões são bastante confiáveis e aceitáveis.

    A Interpretação da Relação entre a “Escala de Panas” e os Escores Totais da

    Subdimensão com o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson


    Tabela 2 – A relação entre a escala de Panas e as pontuações totais subdimensionais



    Escala Panas

    Emoção Positiva

    Emoção Negativa

    Escala Panas

    1,000

    0,630** (0,000)

    0,622** (0,000)

    Emoção Positiva

    0,630** (0,000)

    1,000

    0,215** (0,000)

    Emoção Negativa

    0,622**

    (0,000)

    -0,215**

    (0,000)

    1,000

  2. Escala de Motivação Esportiva


    Cada questão da Escala de Motivação Esportiva pode ser pontuada entre 1 e 7 e são 28 questões. É assinalada uma opção de 1 a 7, sendo 1: não adequado, 4: moderadamente adequado e 7: totalmente adequado. Uma pontuação entre 28 e 196 pode ser obtida a partir da escala. Quanto maior a pontuação total, maior a motivação dos indivíduos para o esporte.

    A escala tem seis subdimensões básicas.

    1. Conhecer e conseguir: questões 2 – 4 – 8 – 12 – 15 – 20 – 23 – 27 (podem ser obtidos entre 8 e 56 pontos).

    2. Viver estimulante: questões 1 – 13 – 18 – 25 (podem ser obtidos entre 4 e 28 pontos).

    3. Regulamento externo: 6 – 10 – 16 – 22 questões (podem ser obtidos entre 4 e 28 pontos).

    4. Introjeção: 9 – 14 – 21 – 26 questões (entre 4 e 28 pontos podem ser obtidos).

    5. Identificação: 7 – 11 – 17 – 24 questões (podem ser obtidos entre 4 e 28 pontos).

    6. Amotivação: 3 – 5 – 19 – 28 questões (entre 4 e 28 pontos podem ser obtidos) os itens da subdimensão não motivação são pontuados inversamente. Quanto maior o escore da subdimensão desmotivado, maior a motivação do indivíduo.


Tabela 3 – Estatísticas descritivas resumidas da escala de motivação esportiva e pontuações de subescala



padrão



Cronbach

Escala SG 74

190

141,5556

25,8944

-0,338

-0,516

0,901

Conhecendo e 14

56

42,8776

9,9221

-0,556

-0,404

0,875

Viver estimulante 4

28

21,5805

4,9738

-0,654

-0,213

0,750

Regulamento 4

28

17,2721

5,8720

-0,198

-0,521

0,785

Introjeção 4

28

21,0159

5,1285

-0,655

-0,023

0,698

Identificação 4

28

19,1814

5,5106

-0,246

-0,577

0,745

Amotivação 4

28

19,6281

4,1699

-0,854

0,788

0,683

Escala e Subescalas Min. Max. Média Desvio Distorção Curtose Alfa de


Conseguindo


Externo


Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores



Quando se examinam os valores de assimetria e curtose da Escala e das Subescalas, verifica-se que todas estão entre -2 e +2. Se os valores de assimetria e curtose estiverem entre

-2 e +2, a suposição de distribuição normal pode ser aceita para os valores de pontuação da escala (George; Mallery, 2010). O valor do Alfa de Cronbach, que mede a confiabilidade da Escala SM, da qual participaram 441 indivíduos, foi α=0,901. Além disso, o valor Alfa de Cronbach α=0,875 para a subdimensão conhecer e alcançar, o valor Alfa de Cronbach para a subdimensão viver estimulante α=0,750 e o valor Alfa de Cronbach para a subdimensão regulação externa. Valor de α=0,785, valor do Alfa de Cronbach da subdimensão introjeção α=0,698, valor do Alfa de Cronbach α=0,745 da subdimensão identificação e valor Alfa de Cronbach α=0,683 da subdimensão amotivação.





Interpretação da Relação entre a “escala SM” e os Escores Totais da Subdimensão com

o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson


Tabela 4 – A Relação entre a “Escala de Motivação Esportiva” e as pontuações totais da

subdimensão



Escala SM

Conhecer e Conseguir

Viver estimulante

Regulação Externa


Introjeção


Identificação


Amotivação


Escala SM


1,000

0,881** (0,000)

0,779** (0,000)

0,690** (0,000)

0,802** (0,000)

0,790** (0,000)

0,182** (0,000)

Conhecer e

0,881**


1,000

0,685**

0,473**

0,609**

0,578**

0,097

Conseguir

(0,000)


(0,000)

(0,000)

(0,000)

(0,000)

(0,053)

Viver

0,779**

0,685**

1,000

0,375**

0,561**

0,557**

0,061

estimulante

(0,000)

(0,000)


(0,000)

(0,000)

(0,000)

(0,202)

Regulação

0,690**

0,473**

0,375**

1,000

0,529**

0,613**

-0,155**

Externa

(0,000)

(0,000)

(0,000)


(0,000)

(0,000)

(0,001)

Introjeção

0,802** (0,000)

0,609** (0,000)

0,561** (0,000)

0,529** (0,000)

1,000

0,600** (0,000)

0,095

(0,056)

Identificação

0,790** (0,000)

0,578** (0,000)

0,557** (0,000)

0,613** (0,000)

0,600** (0,000)

1,000

-0,055

0,246

Amotivação

0,182** (0,000)

0,097

(0,053)

0,061

(0,202)

-0,155** (0,001)

0,095

(0,056)

-0,055

0,246

1,000


Quando examinada a tabela de correlação acima, obteve-se uma relação positiva entre a escala de Panas e a escala de motivação esportiva. Além disso, foi alcançada uma relação positiva entre a subdimensão emoção positiva e a escala SM, e uma relação negativa entre a emoção negativa e a escala de motivação esportiva. Um aumento na intensidade das emoções



positivas dos indivíduos aumenta sua motivação no esporte, enquanto um aumento na intensidade das emoções negativas diminui a motivação no esporte.


Discussão e conclusão


Nesta seção, inclui-se a discussão e interpretação dos achados que surgiram como resultado da análise dos dados da pesquisa.

Há diferença significativa nos escores da escala de Panas e das subdimensões dos indivíduos no nível de confiança de 95% de acordo com o sexo (p<0,05). Assim, a intensidade da emoção positiva dos homens é maior do que a das mulheres, e a intensidade da emoção negativa das mulheres é maior do que a dos homens. Além disso, os homens têm pontuações mais altas na escala de Panas do que as mulheres e os homens têm maior intensidade emocional geral do que as mulheres. Vê-se que há opiniões divergentes sobre o fator gênero. O estudo realizado por Martinović et al. com 706 alunos do ensino fundamental com idades entre 11 e 14 anos, e observou-se que houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre meninas e meninos. Os meninos pontuaram mais do que as meninas. Şirin et al. (2008) revelaram que existe uma diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor das alunas nas subdimensões “entretenimento”, “competição” e “agir/ser ativo” entre alunos do sexo masculino e feminino quando examinada a diferença de género.

Os escores da escala de Panas e das subdimensões dos indivíduos não apresentam diferença estatisticamente significativa de acordo com a idade (p>0,05). Altıntaş et al. (2010), Salguero et al. (2004), Arslan e Altay (2009) estudaram a motivação dos alunos para a prática de esportes em todos os ramos esportivos. Eles encontraram as razões mais importantes para a participação como desenvolvimento de habilidades e competição. Soyer et ai. (2010) não encontraram uma relação significativa entre a idade dos participantes e sua motivação para o sucesso. Esses estudos mostram paralelismo com o nosso estudo. Os escores totais de emoções positivas e da escala Panas de indivíduos engajados em esportes coletivos são maiores do que indivíduos engajados em esportes individuais (p<0,05). Os escores de emoção negativa dos indivíduos não diferem de acordo com o ramo do esporte (p>0,05).

Os escores da escala de Panas e das subdimensões dos indivíduos não diferem significativamente de acordo com o tempo de atividade esportiva (p>0,05). A escala de Panas dos indivíduos e os escores de emoção negativa não diferem de acordo com o número de esportes que praticam por semana (p>0,05). No entanto, concluiu-se que à medida que aumenta o número de dias de exercício em uma semana, as emoções positivas dos indivíduos




também aumentam. Os escores totais de “regulação externa”, subdimensão “introjeção” e “escala SM” dos indivíduos do sexo masculino são maiores do que os do sexo feminino (p<0,05). Nas demais subdimensões não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa de acordo com o sexo (p>0,05). Enquanto Yigit (2019), Gacar (2013), Kılınç et al. (2012) determinaram que não houve diferença em termos de gênero em seus estudos que examinaram os níveis de motivação dos atletas, no estudo realizado por Esentürk (2014), os estudantes atletas do sexo masculino apresentaram maior nível de motivação extrínseca do que as atletas do sexo feminino. Na pesquisa de Kazak (2001) em que analisou as tendências motivacionais de jogadores de voleibol de elite, ele revelou que os jogadores de voleibol do sexo masculino tiveram pontuações mais altas do que as jogadoras de voleibol feminino na subdimensão de introjeção da motivação extrínseca. Na pesquisa de Kazak (2004) sobre motivação e gênero, uma diferença foi revelada apenas nas subdimensões da regulação externa, estimulando o viver e a motivação intrínseca. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo também corroboram os achados do nosso estudo.

De acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, os escores totais da subdimensão “amotivação”

apresentam diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). De acordo com isso, conclui-se que à medida que a idade dos indivíduos aumenta, os escores totais da subdimensão amotivação diminuem, ou seja, os sentimentos de motivação aumentam à medida que a idade aumenta. As demais subdimensões e a escala SM não diferem de acordo com a idade (p>0,05). Os valores de pontuação total da subdimensão “regulação externa” e “escala SM” dos indivíduos engajados em esportes coletivos foram maiores do que os indivíduos interessados em esportes individuais (p<0,05). Nas demais subdimensões, não foi encontra da diferença significativa de acordo com o ramo esportivo (p>0,05).

Com base no resultado de que a diferença entre o bem-estar psicológico dos esportes individuais e dos esportes coletivos dos alunos participantes da pesquisa não é estatisticamente significativa, pode-se pensar que isso se deve ao fato de todos os alunos praticarem esportes e que os atletas têm traços de personalidade. Os valores do escore total da subdimensão “regulação externa” dos indivíduos que praticam esportes há 6 anos ou mais foram maiores do que aqueles que praticam esportes há 5 anos ou menos (p<0,05). Nas demais subdimensões e escala SM, não foi encontrada diferença significativa de acordo com o tempo de pratica esportiva (p>0,05). Akman e Can (2019) observaram que o nível de motivação externa dos alunos que faziam orientação há 5 anos ou mais era superior aos alunos que estavam entre 1 ano e 2-4 anos. Além disso, à medida que aumenta o número de anos de prática esportiva, observa-se que o nível de regulação externa também aumenta. Houve

RPGE– Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. 3, p. 2570-2590, set./dez. 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-9029



diferença na regulação externa na subescala de motivação esportiva dos alunos que praticavam esportes individuais e coletivos no estudo realizado por Danışman (2011). Em outras palavras, à medida que aumenta a prática de esportes, aumenta a regulação externa. Esses estudos apoiam nosso trabalho. O número de dias na semana que os indivíduos praticam esportes não faz diferença estatisticamente significativa na escala SM e suas subdimensões (p>0,05). Um aumento na intensidade das emoções positivas dos indivíduos aumenta sua motivação no esporte, enquanto um aumento na intensidade das emoções negativas diminui a motivação no esporte. A motivação é importante para garantir a sustentabilidade em ambientes esportivos (AKOĞLU et al., 2019).


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Como referenciar este artigo


BALYAN, M.; ÇANKAYA, C. A relação entre estados emocionais positivos e negativos e a motivação dos alunos do ensino médio que praticam esportes. Revista online de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. 3, p. 2570-2590, set./dez. 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-

9029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v25i3.15842


Submetido em: 15/09/2021 Revisões requeridas em: 12/10/2021 Aprovado em: 17/11/2021 Publicado em: 08/12/2021



THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL STATES AND MOTIVATION OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS DOING SPORTS

A RELAÇÃO ENTRE ESTADOS EMOCIONAIS POSITIVOS E NEGATIVOS E A MOTIVAÇÃO DOS ALUNOS DO ENSINO MÉDIO QUE PRATICAM ESPORTES


LA RELACIÓN ENTRE ESTADOS EMOCIONALES POSITIVOS Y NEGATIVOS Y MOTIVACIÓN DE ESTUDIANTES DE BACHILLERATO HACIENDO DEPORTES


Melih BALYAN1

Cemali ÇANKAYA2


ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to The Relationship Between Positive And Negative Emotional States And Motivation Of High School Students Doing Sports. The sample of the research consists of 441 students in total, 290 Male and 151 Female, studying at high schools. With the personal information form to determine demographic characteristics, the Panas scale which was developed by Watson et al. (1988) and adapted into Turkish by Gençöz (2000) and which examines emotional states with positive and negative dimensions, and The Sports Motivation Scale which was developed by Pelletier et al. (1995) and adapted into Turkish by Kazak (2004), were used. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 23.0 statistical package program. In the evaluation of the data, t-test for independent samples and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests for differences between groups and the “Tukey Post Hoc” test and Pearson Correlation test were used. As a result of the research; sports- specific success and motivation levels of students who are constantly engaged in sports; significance levels were examined according to gender, age, education, income level, place of residence, duration of doing sports, doing sports with license, frequency of doing sports, and being interested in different branches, and it was seen that there was no statistically significant difference.


KEYWORDS: High school student. Athlete. Positive and negative emotions (panas). Motivation in sports.


RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a Relação entre os Estados Emocionais Positivos e Negativos e a Motivação de Alunos do Ensino Médio a Praticar Esportes. A amostra da pesquisa é composta por 441 alunos de ensino médio no total, 290 do sexo masculino e 151 do feminino. Com o formulário de informações pessoais para determinar as características demográficas, a escala Panas que foi desenvolvida por Watson et al. (1988) e adap tada para o turco por Gençöz (2000) e que examina estados emocionais com dimensões positivas e negativas, e a Escala de Motivação Esportiva que foi desenvolvida por Pelletier et al. (1995) e adaptada para o turco por Kazak (2004). Os dados obtidos foram analisados com o programa estatístico SPSS 23.0. Na avaliação dos dados foram utilizados o teste t para



1 Ege University (EGE), İzmir – Turkey. Associate Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-7456. E-mail: melihbalyan@hotmail.com

2 Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University (IZU), Istanbul – Turkey. Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7973-5816. E-mail: cemali.cankaya@izu.edu.tr




amostras independentes e os testes de análise de variância (ANOVA) para diferenças entre grupos e o teste “Tukey Post Hoc” e o teste de Correlação de Pearson. Como resultado da pesquisa; níveis de sucesso e motivação específicos de esportes de alunos que estão constantemente envolvidos em esportes; os níveis de significância foram examinados de acordo com sexo, idade, escolaridade, nível de renda, local de residência, tempo de prática de esportes, prática de esportes com licença, frequência de prática de esportes e interesse por ramos diferentes, e foi verificado que não houve diferença significante.


PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Aluno do ensino médio. Atleta. Emoções positivas e negativas (panas). Motivação no esporte.


RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la relación entre los estados emocionales positivos y negativos y la motivación de los estudiantes de secundaria que practican deporte. La muestra de la investigación está formada por 441 estudiantes en total,

290 hombres y 151 mujeres, que cursan estudios de secundaria. Con el formulario de información personal para determinar características demográficas, la escala Panas que fue desarrollada por Watson et al. (1988) y adaptado al turco por Gençöz (2000) y que examina estados emocionales con dimensiones positivas y negativas, y The Sports Motivation Scale que fue desarrollada por Pelletier et al. (1995) y adaptado al turco por Kazak (2004). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS 23.0. En la evaluación de los datos se utilizó la prueba t para muestras independientes y las pruebas de análisis de varianza unidireccional (ANOVA) para diferencias entre grupos y la prueba “Tukey Post Hoc” y la prueba de correlación de Pearson. Como resultado de la investigación; los niveles de motivación y éxito deportivos específicos de los estudiantes que participan constantemente en los deportes; Se examinaron los niveles de significancia según sexo, edad, educación, nivel de ingresos, lugar de residencia, duración de la práctica deportiva, práctica deportiva con licencia, frecuencia de práctica deportiva, interés por las diferentes ramas, y se observó que estadísticamente no existía diferencia significativa.


PALABRAS CLAVE: Estudiante de bachillerato. Deportista. Emociones positivas y negativas (panas). Motivación en el deporte.


Introduction


When the origin of the term “motivation” is investigated, we come across; motus, which means movement in Latin (ADAIR, 2003). The reasons underlying the behaviors of human beings throughout their lives are discussed within the framework of the concept of motive (HAZAR et al., 2018). Motivation, which directs individuals to behavior and is the most important concept in shaping behaviors, is defined as the force that directs behavior (ROBERTS et al., 2007). Motivation creates the stimulation, direction and continuity of the behavior (FRANKEN, 1994).

Motivation can be defined as various internal and external factors that push the organism to the behavior, determine the regularity and continuity of these behaviors, give



direction and purpose to the behavior, and the mechanisms that ensure their functioning (AYDIN, 2001). When our motives are examined in general, they are divided into two main categories. Extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is not a situation that is directly related to the athlete himself. It is the positive or negative effects of various situations occurring in the external environment on the athlete. In other words, extrinsic motivation is self-created behavior (LUG, 1995). Extrinsic motivation includes influences from outside the individual. Extrinsic motivation is reinforcement that can have negative and positive effects through other people, increase or decrease the likelihood of repetition of the behavior, and carry material and moral values. External rewards (medals, cups, money, etc.) can come from material means, as well as from intangible resources (to gain respect, appreciation, praise, etc.) (TÜRKMEN, 2005).

On the other hand, intrinsic motivation is the response to the needs of the person. Curiousty, knowing, wish to be sufficient and desire to develop can be given as examples of internal motives (SELÇUK, 1996). Intrinsic motivation, in short, is self-motivation. Intrinsically motivated people have an intrinsic hunger to be resourceful. These people have the ability to manage themselves in order to be successful (NICHOLLS, 1992). An intrinsically motivated person transforms thought into action, sets goals and takes action to achieve them (GEORGE, 1997).

Emotion: The state of feeling or consciousness that is caused by an external stimulant feature (sound, smell, color, shape, temperature, taste) or a change in the human body (hunger, thirst, nausea, sexual excitement) (BUDAK, 2001). Positive Emotion: It is the state that people reflect themselves as enthusiastic, active, excited, alert. Positive emotionality includes curious (interested), excited, strong, enthusiastic and alert (alive) emotions (WATSON et al., 1988). Negative Emotion: Includes a variety of impulsive emotional states such as anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and timidity. It is expressed as the general measure of responsibility that creates personal distress and does not give pleasure to people (WATSAN, 1988). According to Myers and Derakshan (2004), emotion is defined as a psychophysiological whole that occurs when cognitive processes in the individual affect environmental processes. Emotions, which are handled with different dimensions according to different theoretical approaches, affect individuals in many areas (GROSS, 1999). It is stated that emotions have many effects on the decision-making process, such as preparing motor reactions, improving learning, and regulating social behaviors.




Sport allows the individual to get rid of his own narrow world and to be in dialogue with people from other people, beliefs and thoughts, to be influenced by them and to influence them. With this aspect, it can be said that sport supports the establishment and reinforcement of new friendships and social cohesion (BUĞDAYCI, 2000). Achievement motivation approach sees motivation situations as the basis of sportive behavior. These motivation situations are named as the motivation to approach success and the motivation to avoid failure (DOĞAN, 2005). If the reason for motivation differences can be understood, it may be easier to motivate people in the positive direction. Motivation for success in sports emerges as a result of the increase in the expectations of the athlete for the future. The pleasure and satisfaction of accomplishing a job creates new demands and new expectations in the athlete for future success. This motivation is called achievement motivation in sports (TURHAN, 2009). Ntuomanis (2005) stated that students who are intrinsically motivated in physical education classes enjoy the lessons and are not bored; asserted that the intrinsic motivation experienced in physical education and sports classes is the most determining factor in gaining the habit of leading a physically active life after school years. As the job satisfaction of individuals working in sports environments increases, the benefit they will provide within the organization increases (SUNAY et al., 2020). The fact that hearing-impaired students to devote significant amount of time on physical education and sports activities, raising awareness in the society, representing their country in the Paralympic games shows that they have a positive attitude towards physical education and sports (DALBUDAK; YIGIT, 2019).

Today, physical education and sports are conscious and planned activities that aim at the physical, social and emotional development of human beings, who are the main source of the growing generations, and are accepted as an integral and complementary part of general education (YILDIRAN, 1996). While motivation in sports is an important factor that complements each other, it is one of the main factors that strengthen the focus and desire to win in order to reach the goals of the athletes. People sometimes feel sad and unhappy. Leaving your job, losing a loved one or not being successful are life events that cause sadness. (ACAR et al., 2017). The athlete who loses the match does not enjoy this situation, but starts to think differently after getting through a lot with the support of his tra iner and relatives (ALAEDDINOĞLU, 2021).



Methodology


In this research, as data collection tools, Personal Information Form, prepared by the researcher, the Panas scale which was developed by Watson et al. (1988) and adapted into Turkish by Gençöz (2000) and which examines emotional states with positive and negative dimensions, and The Sports Motivation Scale which was developed by Pelletier et al. (1995) and adapted into Turkish by Kazak (2004), were used.


Data Analysis


  1. Panas Scale (Positive and Negative Affect Scale)


    Each question in the Panas Scale can be scored between 1 and 5 and there are 20 questions. 1: very little, 2: a little, 3: mean, 4: quite, and 5: a lot. A score between 20 and 100 can be obtained from the scale. If the total score is close to 100, it means that the individual has had a lot of emotional intensity in the last two weeks, while a score close to 20 means that the emotional intensity is low. The scale has two basic sub-dimensions. It consists of 10 statements in two sub-dimensions, so the total score that can be obtained for both sub- dimensions is between 10 and 50. A total score close to 10 indicates low positive or negative emotion, and close to 50 indicates the intensity of these emotions.

    1) Positive emotion: questions 1 – 3 – 5 – 9 – 10 – 12 – 14 – 16 – 17 – 19.

    2) Negative emotion: questions 2 – 4 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 11 – 13 – 15 – 18 – 20.


    Table 1 – Descriptive Summary Statistics of “Panas Scale” and Subscale Scores



    Scale and Min.

    Max.

    Panas Scale 1

    0

    Positive Emotion 0

    0

    Negative Emotion 0

    3

    Subscales

    Mean Standard

    Skewness Kurtosis Cronbach’s




    Deviation



    Alpha

    56,6349

    9,1713

    0,277

    0,413

    0,896

    36,5760

    7,3527

    -0,766

    0,771

    0,827

    20,0590

    7,2907

    0,892

    0,463

    0,815

    Source: Prepared by the authors




    While positive emotions of individuals are intense, their negative emotions are decreasing.


  2. Sports Motivation Scale


    Each question in the Sports Motivation Scale can be scored between 1 and 7 and there are 28 questions. An option from 1 to 7 is marked, with 1: not appropriate, 4: moderately appropriate and 7: completely appropriate. A score between 28 and 196 can be obtained from the scale. The higher the total score, the higher the individuals’ motivation for sports is.

    The scale has six basic sub-dimensions.

    1. Knowing and achieving: questions 2 – 4 – 8 – 12 – 15 – 20 – 23 – 27 (between 8 and 56 points can be obtained).

    2. Stimulating living: questions 1 – 13 – 18 – 25 (between 4 and 28 points can be obtained).

    3. External regulation: 6 – 10 – 16 – 22 questions (between 4 and 28 points can be obtained).

    4. Introjection: 9 – 14 – 21 – 26 questions (between 4 and 28 points can be obtained).

    5. Identification: 7 – 11 – 17 – 24 questions (between 4 and 28 points can be obtained).

    6. Amotivation: 3 – 5 – 19 – 28 questions (between 4 and 28 points can be obtained) items of the non-motivation sub-dimension are reverse scored. The higher the unmotivated sub-dimension score, the higher the individual’s motivation.


Table 3 – Descriptive Summary Statistics of Sports Motivation Scale and Subscale Scores


Scale and Subscales

Min. Max. Mean Standard

Deviation

Skewness Kurtosis Cronbach’s

Alpha

141,5556

25,8944

-0,338

-0,516

0,901

42,8776

9,9221

-0,556

-0,404

0,875

21,5805

4,9738

-0,654

-0,213

0,750

17,2721

5,8720

-0,198

-0,521

0,785

21,0159

5,1285

-0,655

-0,023

0,698

19,1814

5,5106

-0,246

-0,577

0,745

19,6281

4,1699

-0,854

0,788

0,683


Knowing and

4

90

1

Achieving

Stimulating Living

4

6

4 8

External Regulation


4 8

Introjection


4 8

Identification


4 8

Amotivation


4 8

SG Scale 7 1


5


2


2


2


2


2


Source: Prepared by the authors






Analysis of “Panas Scale” and sub-dimension scores according to students’ demographic characteristics


In the tables below, summary statistics based on the demographic characteristics of the scale score means are given. In addition, since the mean scores of the scale and subscales provided the assumption of normal distribution, independent samples were tested with t-test and the differences between the groups were tested with the One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests, and from which groups the differences originated was tested with the Tukey Post Hoc test.


Gender

Positive Emotion

Negative Emotion

Panas Scale

Mean

33,4901

21,5298

55,0199

St. Deviation

8,1730

7,5919

9,6922

Mean

38,1828

19,2931

57,4759

St. Deviation

6,3303

7,0210

8,7882

p- value

0.000*

0,002*

0,007*

Table 6. Findings Regarding the Panas Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores by Gender of the Participants



Female Male

Source: Prepared by the authors


There is a significant difference at %95 confidence level in the Panas scale and sub- dimension scores of individuals according to their gender (p<0.05). Accordingly, men’s positive emotion intensity is higher than women’s, and women’s negative emotion intensity is higher than men’s. Also, men have higher Panas scale scores than women and men have higher overall emotional intensity than women.


Table 7 – Findings Regarding the Panas Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores by Age of the Participants



Age Positive

Emotion

Negative Emotion Panas Scale


Mean 36,4453 18,9781 55,4234

15

St. Deviation 6,2906 7,3118 8,0483

Mean 36,2836 20,0597 56,3433

16

St. Deviation 7,9949 7,4255 9,3552

17

Mean

St. Deviation

36,6515

7,8214

20,6970

7,2858

57,3485

10,0114





18 Mean

37,8158

21,7368

59,5526

St. Deviation

7,0090

6,3870

8,7416

p- value

0,719

0,110

0,066

Source: Prepared by the authors


Panas scale and sub-dimension scores of individuals do not show a statistically significant difference according to their age (p>0,05).


Table 8 – Findings Regarding the Panas Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores of the Participants by Sport Branch



Sport branch

Positive Emotion

Negative Emotion

Panas Scale

Mean

35,6287

19,5743

55,2030

Individual Sports

St. Deviation

7,3190

6,9287

8,5514

Mean

37,3766

20,4686

57,8452

Team Sports

St. Deviation

7,3008

7,5735

9,5149

p- value

0,013*

0,200

0,002

Source: Prepared by the authors


The positive emotion and panas scale total scores of individuals engaged in team sports are higher than individuals engaged in individual sports (p<0,05). Individuals’ negative emotion scores do not differ according to the sport branch (p>0,05).


Active Sports Time

Positive Emotion

Negative Emotion

Panas Scale

Mean

36,1973

20,0884

56,2857

St. Deviation

7,2842

7,3794

9,0802

Mean

37,3333

20,0000

57,3333

St. Deviation

77,4551

7,1347

9,3430

p- value

0,126

0,905

0,259

Table 9 – Findings Regarding the Participants’ Panas Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores by Active Sports Year



0 – 5 years


6 years and more


Source: Prepared by the authors


Individuals’ Panas scale and sub-dimension scores do not differ significantly according to their active sports duration (p>0,05).



Table 10 – Findings Regarding the Participants’ Panas Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores According to the Number of Sports Days in a Week


days per week

Positive Emotion

Negative Emotion

Panas Scale

Mean

34,3153

21,0360

55,3514

St. Deviation

8,1875

7,2412

9,2565

Mean

36,8079 19,8966 56,7044

Number of sports


1-2 days


St. Deviation

6,8619

7,3830

9,1652

5-6 days Mean

37,5714

19,6372

57,8938

St. Deviation

5,7741

7,0420

8,8835

7 days Mean

36,5760

18,0714

55,6429

St. Deviation

7,3527

8,1756

10,3819

p- value

0,001*

0,320

0,214

3-4 days


Source: Prepared by the authors


Individuals’ Panas scale and negative emotion scores do not differ according to the number of sports they do per week (p>0,05). However, it was concluded that as the number of days of exercise in a week increased, the positive emotions of individuals also increased.


Analysis of “sm scale” and sub-dimension scores according to students’ demographic

characteristics


In the tables below, summary statistics based on the demographic characteristics of the scale score means are given. In addition, since the mean scores of the scale and subscales provided the assumption of normal distribution, independent samples were tested with t-test and the differences between the groups were tested with the One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests, and from which groups the differences originated was tested with the Tukey Post Hoc test.


Table 11 – Findings Regarding the Sports Motivation Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores of Participants by Gender



Gende r


Femal e


Mean St.

Deviatio n

Knowin g Achievin g


41,8543

10,1017


Stimulati ng Living


21,0728

5,4099

External Regulatio n


15,8344

5,7508


Introjecti on


19,7881

5,4376


Identificati on


18,5563

5,7638


Amotiv ation


19,4834

3,5097


SM Scale


136,5894

26,9417



Mean


Male St.

43,4103

21,8448

18,0207

21,6552

19,5069

19,7034

144,1414

Deviatio

9,8025

4,7191

5,8041

4,8476

5,3553

4,4792

24,9906

n








p- value

0,118

0,122

0.000*

0.000*

0,086

0,600

0,004*

Source: Prepared by the authors


Male individuals’ “external regulation”, “introjections” sub-dimension and “SM scale” total scores are higher than female individuals’ (p<0,05). In other sub-dimensions, no statistically significant difference was found according to gender (p>0,05).


Table 12. Findings Regarding the Sports Motivation Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores of the Participants by Age


Age

Knowing Achievin



g


n


Mean

15

43,6496

21,3942

16.3577

21,1752

19,0219

20.5547 142,153

3

St. Dev.

9,3097

4.5783

5,3656

4.6239

5.6078

3.4914 24,1837

Mean

16

44,0075

22,0373

17,6269

2,.2761

19,7761

19,7836 144,507

5

St. Dev.

10,3796

5.3076

6,0271

5,2334

5,4726

4,2041 26,5830

Mean 41,2500

21,4924

17,5379

20,7197

18,9470

18,9318

138,8788

17

St. Dev. 10,3240

5,1236

6,2473

5,7496

5,6098

4,4946

27,1681

Mean 41,7632

20.9474

18.3947

20.5526

18.4737

18,1579

138,2895

18 St.

Deviatio 8,3647

4.6496

5,5094

4.2215

4,9360

4.4389

24,5201

p-

valu 0,085

0,578

0,140

0,748

0,469

0,001*

0,281

Stimulati ng Living

External Regulatio


Introjectio n


Identificati on


Amotivatio n


SM

Scale


Source: Prepared by the authors


According to the age of the individuals, the total scores of the amotivation sub- dimension show a statistically significant difference (p<0,05). According to this, it is concluded that as the age of the individuals increases, the total scores of the non-motivation sub-dimension decrease, that is, the feelings of motivation increase as the age increases. Other sub-dimensions and SG scale do not differ according to age (p>0,05).


Table 13 – Findings Regarding the Sports Motivation Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores of the Participants by Sport Branch


Sport branch

Knowin g Achievin

Stimulati ng Living

External Regulatio n

Introjectio n

Identificati on

Amotivatio n

SM

Scale


Individu al Sports


Team

Mea n

St. Dev.

Mea n

42,0891 21,2574 16,1238 20,5050 18,6683 19,9653 138,608

9


10,1609 5,1061 5,8437 5,0777 5,6281 3,6053 25,6968


43,5439 21,8536 18,2427 21,4477 19,6151 19,3431 144,046

0


Sports St. 9,6869

4,8532

5,7306

5,1421

5,3830

4,5816

25,8525

p- value 0,125

0,210

0.000*

0,054

0,072

0,119

0,028*

Dev.


Source: Prepared by the authors


The external regulation sub-dimension and SM scale total score values of individuals interested in team sports were higher than individuals interested in individual sports (p<0,05). In other sub-dimensions, no significant difference was found according to the sport branch (p>0,05).


Table 14 – Findings Regarding the Sports Motivation Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores of the Participants according to Active Sports Duration


Sport g


n


Mea 42,9116

0 – 5 n

21,6429

16,7245

20,7585

19,1769

19,7483 140,962

6

years St. 9,9321

4,8911

5,7918

5,1469

5,5535

4,0005 25,7678

6 Mea 42,8095

years n

21,4558

18,3673

21,5306

19,1905

19,3878 142,741

5

and St. 9,9356

5,1501

5,8976

5,0698

5,4425

4,4942 26,1939

p- value 0,919

0,710

0,005*

0,136

0,981

0,393 0,497

Activ e

Knowing Achievin

Stimulatin g Living

External Regulatio

Introjectio n

Identificatio n

Amotivatio n

SM

Scale


Dev.


more Dev.


Source: Prepared by the authors


The external regulation sub-dimension total score values of individuals who have been doing sports for 6 years or more were higher than those who have been doing sports for 5 or less years (p<0,05). In other sub-dimensions and SM scale, no significant difference was found according to active sports duration (p>0,05).




Table 15 – Findings Regarding the Motivation Scale and Sub-Dimension Scores of the Participants according to the Number of Days Doing Sports in a Week


per ng

week

on


Mean 40,864 20,9369

9

1-2

16,5315

20.2342

18,4865

19,3423 136,39

64

days St. 10,536 5,2384

Deviation 0

6,0839

5.0469

5,8432

4,5196 27,711

5

Mean 43,620 21,0000

After 7

16,9064

20,8177

19,4236

19,6847 142,04

43

St. 10,101 5,0383

Deviation 9

5,9864

5,4447

5,2706

3,8587 26,084

4

Numbe r of sports days


Knowi ng Achievi


Stimulati ng Living


External Regulati


Introjecti on


Identificati on


Amotivati on


SM

Scale



5-6

Mean 43,628

3


21,5911 18,6283 22,1150 19,3363 19,7876 145,7611


days St. 8,8117 5,0350

5,4103

4,4596

5,7501

4,4590

23,3311

Mean 42,000 22,2655

17,5000

21,2143

19,9286

19,6281

141,4286

days St. 9,4462 4,5434

4,6863

5,1317

4,0660

4,1699

23,4511

p- 0,091 0,242

0,055

0,064

0,476

0,864

0,078

Deviation


7 0


Deviation


value

Source: Prepared by the authors


The number of days in a week that individuals do sports does not make a statistically significant difference on the SG scale and its sub-dimensions (p>0,05).


Pearson coefficient of the relationship between the panas scale and the sports motivation scale


Table 16 – The Relationship Between Total Panas Scale Scores and Sport Motivation Scale Total Scores


SportS Motivation Scale

Panas Scale

0,334**


Positive Emotion

0,462** (0.000)


Negative Emotion

-0,272** (0,000)

*Correlation is significant at the 0,01 level Source: Prepared by the authors



When the correlation table above was examined, a positive relationship was obtained between the Panas scale and the sports motivation scale. In addition, a positive relationship was achieved between the positive emotion sub-dimension and the SM scale, and a negative relationship between negative emotion and the sports motivation scale. An increase in the intensity of positive emotions of individuals increases their motivation in sports, while an increase in the intensity of negative emotions decreases motivation in sports.


Discussion and Conclusion


In this section, the discussion and interpretation of the findings that emerged as a result of the analysis of the data from the research are included.

There is a significant difference in the Panas scale and sub-dimension scores of the individuals at the 95% confidence level according to their gender (p<0,05). Accordingly, men’s positive emotion intensity is higher than women’s, and women’s negative emotion intensity is higher than men. Also, men have higher Panas scale scores than women and men have higher overall emotional intensity than women. It is seen that there are different opinions about the gender factor. The study conducted by Martinović et al. with 706 primary school students aged between 11 and 14, and it was observed that there were statistically significant differences between girls and boys. Boys scored higher than girls. Şirin et al. (2008) revealed that there is a statistically significant difference in favor of female students in the sub- dimensions of “entertainment”, “competition” and “acting/being active” between male and female students when the gender difference is examined.

Individuals’ Panas scale and sub-dimension scores do not show a statistically significant difference according to their age (p>0.05). Altıntaş et al. (2010), Salguero et al. (2004), Arslan and Altay (2009) studied the motivation of students to participate in sports in all sports branches. They found the most important reasons for participation as skill development and competition. Soyer et al. (2010) did not find a significant relationship between the ages of the participants and their motivation for success. These studies show parallelism with our study. The total scores of positive emotions and panas scale of individuals engaged in team sports are higher than individuals engaged in individual sports (p<0,05). Individuals’ negative emotion scores do not differ according to the sport branch (p>0,05).

Individuals’ Panas scale and sub-dimension scores do not differ significantly according to their active sport duration (p>0,05). Individuals’ Panas scale and negative




emotion scores do not differ according to the number of sports they do per week (p>0,05). However, it was concluded that as the number of days of exercise in a week increases, the positive emotions of individuals also increase. Male individuals’ “external regulation”, “introjection” sub-dimension and “SM scale” total scores are higher than female individuals’ (p <0,05). In other sub-dimensions, no statistically significant difference was found according to gender (p>0.05). While Yigit (2019), Gacar (2013), Kılınç et al. (2012) determined that there was no difference in terms of gender in their studies examining the motivation levels of athletes, in the study conducted by Esentürk (2014), male athlete students were found to have higher level of extrinsic motivation than female athletes. In Kazak’s (2001) research in which he analyzed the motivational tendencies of elite volleyball players, he revealed that male volleyball players had higher scores than female volleyball players in the introjection sub- dimension of extrinsic motivation. In Kazak’s (2004) research on motivation and gender, a difference was revealed only in the sub-dimensions of external regulation, stimulating living and intrinsic motivation. The results obtained in this study also support our study findings.

According to the age of the individuals, the total scores of the “amotivation” sub-

dimension show a statistically significant difference (p<0,05). According to this, it is concluded that as the ages of the individuals increase, the total scores of the amotivation sub- dimension decrease, that is, the feelings of motivation increase as the age increases. Other sub-dimensions and SM scale do not differ according to age (p>0,05). The “external regulation” sub-dimension and “SM scale” total score values of individuals engaged in team sports were higher than individuals interested in individual sports (p<0,05). In other sub- dimensions, no significant difference was found according to the sport branch (p>0,05).

On the basis of the result that the difference between individual sports and team sports psychological well-being of the students participating in the research is not statistically significant, it can be thought that is due to the fact that all of the students are engaged in sports and that the athletes have personality traits. The “external regulation” sub-dimension total score values of individuals who have been doing sports for 6 years or more were higher than those who have been doing sports for 5 or less years (p<0.05). In other sub-dimensions and SM scale, no significant difference was found according to active sports duration (p>0,05). Akman and Can (2019) observed that the external motivation level of the students who did orienteering for 5 years or more was higher than the students who were between 1 year and 2-4 years. Besides that, as the number of years of doing sports increases, it is observed that the level of external regulation also increases. There was a difference in external regulation in the sports motivation sub-scale of the students who did individual and team

RPGE– Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. 3, p. 2567-2588, Sep./Dec. 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-9029



sports in the study which was done by Danışman (2011). In other words, as doing sports increases, external regulation increases. These studies support our work. The number of days in a week that individuals do sports does not make a statistically significant difference on the SM scale and its sub-dimensions (p>0,05). An increase in the intensity of positive emotions of individuals increases their motivation in sports, while an increase in the intensity of negative emotions decreases motivation in sports. Motivation is important for ensuring sustainability in sports environments (AKOĞLU et al., 2019).


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How to reference this article


BALYAN, M.; ÇANKAYA, C. The relationship between positive and negative emotional states and motivation of high school students doing sports. Revista online de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. 3, p. 2567-2588, Sep./Dec. 2021. e-ISSN: 1519-

9029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v25i3.15842


Submitted: 15/09/2021 Required revisions: 12/10/2021 Approved: 17/11/2021 Published: 08/12/2021