IMPLICACIÓN DEL AISLAMIENTO SOCIAL EN LA SALUD MENTAL DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19: UNA MIRADA A SU AFRONTAMIENTO RELIGIOSO Y ESPIRITUAL
IMPLICATION OF SOCIAL ISOLATION ON MENTAL HEALTH DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A LOOK AT ITS RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL COPING
Amna GOHAR1 Alonso Bezerra de CARVALHO2 Carlos da Fonseca BRANDÃO3
RESUMEN: China fue el centro de la Covid-19, que se extendió rápidamente por todo el mundo. El rápido surto de Covid-19 en los países asiáticos ha afectado gravemente la vida psicológica y social de las personas, una situación que ha hecho del afrontamiento espiritual y religioso un enfoque eficaz para la relajación mental. El objetivo principal de este artículo es observar cómo se abordó el tema en los países asiáticos. Por ello, seleccionamos diferentes estudios publicados en fuentes digitales. Es evidente por los textos que el Covid-19 tuvo un gran impacto en la vida de las personas. La mayoría de ellas comenzó a sufrir
ansiedad, depresión, miedo, estrés, soledad durante el aislamiento, afectando su vida individual y social. El punto positivo encontrado fue que la espiritualidad pasó a contribuir para que las personas tuvieran una relajación mental en las situaciones más críticas de la pandemia, reduciendo la ansiedad y la depresión y afrontando situaciones con más fe y esperanza en el Creador.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Religiosidad. Espiritualidad. Psicología humana. Vida social. Covid- 19.
ABSTRACT: China was the center of Covid-19 which rapidly spread out all over the world. The rapid outbreak of Covid-19 in Asian countries has severely affected psychological and social life of people. Which also has a great influence on religion and faith. Spiritual and religious copping is an effective approach for mental relaxation and belief on the creator specifically during the Covid-19 outbreak. The main purpose of this study is observing the situation of Asian countries existing literature on human psychology and social life further it also explores religious and spiritual coping during Covid-19. Different studies were retrieved from online sources. In which the published articles were classified according to three themes such as human psychology, religious and spiritual coping and social life during Covid-19. It is evident from the literature that covid-19 has a great influence on human psychology. Majority people suffered from anxiety and depression in these tough days of life. Also, most of the people suffered from fear, depression, stress, loneliness during lockdown which effects their social life. The positive point was found that religion and spirituality helping people to reduce their stress and create positivity in their life. Spirituality helps out people in mental relaxation at times of crisis and epidemic situations while religious copings and strong believe on creator reduce anxiety and depression.
KEYWORDS: Religiosity. Spirituality. Human psychology. Social life. Covid-19.
No século 20, a população global enfrentou a situação mais pandêmica da Covid-19. O vírus invisível acabou com a vida de muitas pessoas em todos os países. A doença imprevisível explodiu sem nenhum tratamento de recuperação e nenhum medicamento. Em que globalmente até 178.118.597 casos confirmados de Covid-19 foram registrados, a taxa de mortalidade é de 3.864.180 e 103.552.567 pessoas se recuperaram com sucesso e agora 2.412.226.768 doses de vacina foram administradas. Atualmente, na Ásia, foram registrados
54.583.340 casos de coronavírus, dos quais os casos ativos são 1.856.413, enquanto 769.514 morreram e 51.957.413 foram recuperados da doença (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 2021). A taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com Covid-19 é publicada diariamente numa tendência crescente que afeta o indivíduo psicologicamente e emocionalmente. Tem um impacto decisivo na psicologia humana em todas as idades (CHEW et al., 2020). Da mesma forma, o surto de Covid-19 aumenta o nível de estresse,
ansiedade, depressão, medo pela saúde e pelos entes queridos (WANG et al., 2020). Nesse cenário, a espiritualidade e a religião podem ser boas curadoras nas sociedades. Podem ajudar as pessoas, em tempos de crise e luto, a criar positividade nas emoções e no bem-estar das pessoas (ÖZVEREN; KIRCA, 2019). Por meio do enfrentamento religioso e espiritual, o indivíduo pode remover seu estresse e criar um relaxamento mental de forma pacífica.
Na esfera psicológica, é evidente que o transtorno de estresse traumático, a solidão e a raiva estão aumentando diariamente após a quarentena (BROOKS et al., 2020). Diferentes tipos de estresse foram enfrentados pelas pessoas durante condições críticas, como medo da doença, morte, ambiguidade, perda da vida social, prisão, evidências escassas, instrução contraditória, perda de atividades sociais, descontinuação da natureza, solidão, desespero, baixa autoestima, perda financeira e entraves ao abastecimento de alimentos e água (BROOKS et al., 2020). A pandemia de Covid-19 tem consequências importantes na saúde física e mental de cada indivíduo. Essas consequências psiquiátricas têm efeitos de curto e longo prazo que causarão depressão, ansiedade, fadiga, insônia e estresse pós-traumático (ROGERS et al., 2020).
Distância social e isolamento são considerados medidas de segurança para reduzir a disseminação da covid-19, por meio da qual o governo pode minimizar o risco à saúde (USHER; BHULLAR; JACKSON, 2020). Embora o distanciamento social tenha considerado as melhores medidas de segurança para reduzir as consequências para a saúde, por outro lado, ele causou muitos problemas, como perda de emprego, falta de tratamento médico e falhas na saúde mental (ROGERS et al., 2020). O aumento do estresse durante o isolamento social cria tempos difíceis para o profissional médico (BANERJEE, 2020). Principalmente as pessoas se tornam suscetíveis a pensamentos negativos, ansiedade e medo que também aumentam em casos e mortes. A única melhor estratégia na situação atual para reduzir o estresse mental é a tecnologia digital, por meio da qual o indivíduo tem acesso ao contato com a família, às aulas online, aos locais de trabalho virtuais e ao uso de crenças religiosas e espirituais (KOENIG, 2020).
A religião tem um impacto positivo na saúde mental dos indivíduos que têm uma crença forte. No Islã, a espiritualidade pode ser definida como um tema central que contém crenças (em Allah e Seus profetas, o dia do julgamento etc.), conhecimento e ações da vida diária. Da mesma forma, no Islã as pessoas estão seguindo o conjunto de rituais e códigos de conduta se esforçando para se tornarem mais próximos a Allah e encontrar o propósito de enviar a este mundo. Portanto, o enfrentamento religioso positivo está positivamente correlacionado com a satisfação com a vida e o afeto positivo, enquanto o enfrentamento
religioso negativo está positivamente correlacionado com o afeto negativo (HABIB; HUSSAIN; HABIB, 2020). O Profeta (ﷺ) disse, " Se você ouvir sobre o surto de peste e doença em uma terra, não entre nela; Considerando que se a praga estourar em um lugar onde você está vivendo, não saia desse lugar” (Narrado por Saud-Sahih al-Bukhari, 5728). Aisha disse “Eu perguntei ao Profeta (ﷺ) sobre a praga. Ele me disse que era uma punição enviada por Allah a quem ele desejava, e Allah fez dela uma fonte de misericórdia para os crentes, pois se alguém no tempo de uma epidemia de praga permanece em seu país esperando pacientemente pela Recompensa de Allah e acreditando que nada acontecerá com ele exceto o que Allah escreveu para ele, ele receberá a recompensa de um mártir" (Sahih al- Bukhari, 3474). Em outro lugar, o Santo profeta (PECE) disse: “A limpeza é a metade do emaan e o emaan leva o homem para o céu”. Abu Malik at-Ash'ari relatou: Profeta Muhammad (ﷺ) disse: “A limpeza é a metade da fé que leva o homem ao céu ”(Sahih Muslim, 223). Os muçulmanos têm uma fé forte em Allah e aqueles que têm uma fé forte sempre respondem sensatamente a todos os caminhos da vida. Eles são sempre encorajados a se esforçarem por tratamento médico (Profeta Muhammad (PECE). De acordo com o Profeta Muhammad (PECE) “Allah não criou nenhuma doença sem indicar um remédio para ela, com exceção de uma doença que é a velhice” (Narrado por Usamah ibn Sharik: Sunan Abi Dawud, 3855).
Os muçulmanos têm maneiras ótimas de se prevenirem de doenças virais, seguindo as regras e regulamentos do Islã. Tal como a ablução (wudhu'), um ritual islâmico que é realizado antes de cada oração, cinco vezes por dia. No qual uma pessoa lava sua boca, nariz, orelhas, rosto, cabelo, mãos, tornozelos, antebraços e pés, cada três vezes. Por outro lado, devido à pandemia, o Islam enfrentou impactos negativos sobre a prática religiosa de maneiras notáveis, o que inclui o cancelamento de peregrinações, Tablighi jamaat ijtemah (reunião) e festivais e celebrações proibidos envolvendo interações de grupo. De alguma forma, isso prejudica as pessoas mental e socialmente.
Isolamento social Quando você ouvir falar sobre a peste, não saia daquela terra e não entre em uma terra onde uma praga está estourando.
Higiene facial e manual Abolição 5 vezes ao dia
para oração.
De acordo com o Profeta (PBUH)
(Narrado por Saud-Sahih al-Bukhari, 5728).
(Narrado por Anas bin Malik Sunan Ibn Majah,
O Mensageiro de Allah 509)
Evite saudações durante as reuniões
costumava fazer ablução para cada oração.
O Profeta (ﷺ) mandou uma mensagem a ele: ‘Volte, pois aceitamos seu juramento de fidelidade’
Amr E seu pai disseram em Sunan Ibn Majah 3544
Sem tratamento Allah não criou uma doença sem indicar um remédio para ela, com exceção de uma doença, a saber, a velhice.
De acordo com o Prophet (PBUH)
(Narrado por Usamah ibn Sharik- Sunan Abi Dawud 3855).
Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores
Este artigo de revisão arrasta o enfrentamento positivo da religiosidade e espiritualidade em relação à psique humana e à vida social durante a pandemia. Além disso, o artigo analisa os resultados do isolamento/bloqueio social da psique humana. Este artigo compreende a revisão de artigos online relacionados de países asiáticos que medem aleatoriamente as variáveis acima no contexto da Covid-19. 19 artigos foram selecionados para revisão no total. Conclui-se que a espiritualidade auxilia as pessoas em relaxamento mental em momentos de crise, situações epidêmicas e enfrentamentos religiosos que reduzem a saúde mental.
O total de 19 artigos de países asiáticos foram incluídos aleatoriamente nesta revisão. O pesquisador coleta artigos relevantes para revisão, dando prioridade aos estudos religiosos e espirituais disponíveis online e resumindo brevemente os temas salientes. Três grandes temas foram identificados nas 19 publicações e foram usados para organizar a revisão: enfrentamento religioso e espiritual, impacto de Covid-19 na psique humana, impacto de COVID-19 na vida social. O presente artigo explora o impacto do bloqueio na saúde física e mental do indivíduo e também expressa as consequências que afetam a saúde individual de diferentes maneiras.
Human physical and mental health
Saúde física e mental humana
Distância social afeta a vida social
Lockdown e quarentena
Enfretamento religioso e espiritual
Impactos psicológicos no humano
Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores
No total, seis artigos de pesquisa eram estudos de diferentes países asiáticos, a fim de examinar o impacto psicológico na vida humana durante a covid-19. Pesquisas revisadas mostraram que covid-19 tem um impacto psicológico significativo na psique geral e também na psique humana da equipe médica de maneiras notáveis. Observa-se também que o sexo feminino apresenta um alto nível de ansiedade do que o masculino (CUI et al., 2020; ALKHAMEES et al., 2020; TEE et al., 2020; SALMAN et al., 2020; GROVER et al., 2020;
THOMAS et al., 2020). Seus resultados estão resumidos na Tabela 2 abaixo.
médica (enfermeiras)
a Escala de Ansiedade de Autoavaliação, Escala de Estresse Percebido-14 e Questionário de estilo de enfrentamento simples. impacto psicológico e estado de saúde mental usando a Escala de
Impacto de
Levantamento transversal
pesquisa de base online
A correlação de Pearson mostrou uma correlação positiva da ansiedade com o escore de estresse (r=0,443, P<
0,001) e estresse (r=-0,503, P<
0,001).
os resultados mostraram que quase um quarto da população geral da amostra experimentou
Cui, et al., 2020
Alkhamees
et al., 2020
Eventos Revisada (IES- R) e a Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse
(DASS-21).
Escalas de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse (DASS-21) e as
avaliações da Escala de Impacto de Eventos Revisada (IES- R).
Escala de ansiedade generalizada (GAD-7),
questionário de saúde do
paciente (PHQ- 9) e Brief- COPE
inquéritos online
baseado na internet, transversal
impacto psicológico moderado a grave.
Os resultados mostraram que um quarto dos entrevistados relatou ansiedade moderada a grave e um sexto relatou depressão moderada a grave e impacto psicológico.
As mulheres apresentaram pontuações de ansiedade (p = 0,003) e
depressão (p = 0,001)
significativamente maiores do que os homens.
Tee et al., 2020
Salman et al., 2020
Pesquisa online 40,5% dos
participantes apresentavam ansiedade ou depressão. Nível moderado de
estresse foi relatado por cerca de três quartos (74,1%) dos
participantes e 71,7% relataram baixo bem-estar.
Grover et al., 2020
Residentes de adultos
Itens PHQ-8, GAD-7
itens, Breve RECO PE-14
itens
Pesquisa online Covid-19 tem
impacto na saúde mental individual e causa transtornos psicológicos
Thomas et al., 2020
Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores
No total, oito artigos de pesquisa eram estudos de diferentes países asiáticos, a fim de examinar o enfrentamento religioso e espiritual durante a pandemia de covid-19. A literatura relacionada mostra que a religião tem um papel importante na redução do estresse e da
ansiedade. A religião e a espiritualidade são consideradas formas de curar o indivíduo em situações difíceis. Eles desempenham um papel significativo para se manterem positivos nos dias de hoje e motivam as pessoas para a positividade. De acordo com esses estudos religiosos e espirituais, os muçulmanos permanecem mais positivos devido à orientação religiosa (MAHMOOD et al., 2021; CHOW et al., 2021; JÚNIOR et al., 2020; RABABA et el., 2020; THOMAS; BARBATO, 2020; TABIK et al., 2020; MAHAMID; BDIER, 2021;
DURMUŞ; DURAR, 2021). Seus resultados estão resumidos na Tabela 3 abaixo.
transversal
Religião e
espiritualidade são consideradas curadoras importantes para reduzir a ansiedade
Mahmood et al., 2021
(Brief RCOPE M) e (HADS M)
Estudo transversal
O enfrentamento religioso positivo é vital para reduzir a ansiedade e a depressão.
Chow et al., 2021
Júnior et al., 2020
velhos
Breve escala de enfrentamento religioso árabe.
Estudo descritivo A ansiedade da morte
está inversamente correlacionada com enfrentamentos religiosos e bem-estar espiritual.
Rababa et el., 2020
Muçulmanos e cristãos
Questionário Pesquisa online Os muçulmanos (N =
339) relataram níveis significativamente mais altos de enfrentamento religioso positivo em comparação com seus colegas cristãos (N = 204).
Thomas
e Barbato, (2020)
religioso positivo foi avaliado pelo IPRC, Escala de Depressão
Estudo qualitativo
Estudo transversal
O enfrentamento espiritual/religioso está fortemente relacionado à saúde mental e ao bem- estar.
Os resultados revelaram que o enfrentamento religioso positivo foi
Tabik et al., 2020
Mahamid, e Bdier, 2021
(CES-D-10), Escala
de Estresse Percebido (PSS)
Espiritual (FACIT- Sp) e Escala de Fobia de Coronavírus (C19P-S)
Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores
Projeto transversal e correlacional
positivamente relacionado à qualidade de vida e à ausência de estresse. Correlação de nível moderado entre bem- estar espiritual e medo de coronavírus em indivíduos
Durmuş e Durar, 2021
No total, cinco artigos de pesquisa eram estudos de diferentes países asiáticos para examinar o impacto de covid-19 na vida social durante a pandemia de covid-19. A literatura relacionada mostra que o bloqueio e o isolamento são as principais razões para aumentar o estresse e a ansiedade. Devido ao isolamento, muitas pessoas sofriam de ansiedade. Tem um grande impacto na vida social e nas habilidades mentais dos alunos. Quarentena doméstica e solidão aumentam o nível de depressão em jovens. Além disso, as habilidades sociais dos alunos foram afetadas devido a menos comunicação e nenhuma interação. A maioria dos alunos ficou reprimida em suas casas pelo isolamento e solidão. Isso também afeta suas atividades educacionais e estudos de maneiras notáveis. Bloqueio e quarentena foram considerados solução temporária para covid-19, que tem um efeito permanente na psique humana (ALFAWAZ et al., 2020; BHAT et al., 2020; CHATURVEDI et al., 2020; GAN et al., 2020; KILINÇEL et al., 2020). Seus resultados estão resumidos na Tabela 4 abaixo.
Estudantes Questionário Pesquisa transversal online
A maioria dos entrevistados relata sofrimentos de ansiedade, depressão e insônia durante o
confinamento.
Alfawaz et al., 2020
geral
Questionário Pesquisa online O lockdown é uma
solução temporária para a Covid que causa problemas
sociais e
psicológicos
Bhat et al., 2020
social afeta o aprendizado e as habilidades sociais.
Chaturvedi et al., 2020
China Pessoas em Questionário Online A quarentena Gan et al.,
geral aumenta o estresse
entre as pessoas
domiciliar durante a pandemia causa ansiedade e solidão nos jovens
2020
Kılınçel et al., (2020)
Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores
No século 20, a pandemia cria um impacto negativo na saúde física e mental das pessoas em todo o mundo. Foi muito difícil para todas as pessoas do mundo porque a doença invisível se espalhou por todos os cantos em poucos meses. Causa grande impacto psicológico na vida social humana, na saúde física e mental. Ele tem um impacto psicológico substancial na equipe médica geral e profissional. A pandemia foi o principal motivo de alto nível de estresse, ansiedade, medo, trauma e depressão entre os alunos e todos os trabalhadores. Para lidar com o estresse e a ansiedade, todos precisam do apoio dos outros e se ajudam adotando mecanismos de enfrentamento. O distanciamento social e a quarentena de Covid-19 aumentam a depressão e os problemas de saúde mental na população mundial. É visível que o isolamento social e a quarentena têm efeito sobre a saúde mental. Que sofrimentos de ansiedade, depressão e insônia são relatados pela maioria dos participantes durante o confinamento. Os seres humanos são seres sociais, reduzir as interações sociais pode criar problemas de saúde mental. Enquanto outros fatores, como interação social, mudanças rotineiras e perdas econômicas são reduzidas, o que leva a um impacto psicológico e emocional e, por fim, diminui a autoestima. Há uma ligação entre uma melhor saúde mental e enfrentamentos religiosos ao enfrentar situações estressantes. Onde enfrentamento por meio da religião estavam inversamente relacionados com um histórico de doença psicológica. O enfrentamento positivo da religião ajuda o indivíduo a lidar com a ansiedade e sentimentos ansiosos. Enfrentamentos religiosos e confiança em Deus estão fortemente correlacionados com menos estresse e vice-versa. Enfrentamentos religiosos e espirituais estão relacionados às consequências para a saúde mental e preveem uma remissão mais rápida dos problemas de saúde mental. Por esse motivo, deve ser uma peça para uso em clínicos, para psicoterapia ou tratamento de clientes. Pode ajudar a acelerar a resolução, especificamente em tempos de pandemia ou perigos. Pode aumentar o acesso à terapia para muitos indivíduos que consideram religiosos/espirituais importantes em suas vidas.
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SUNAN Abi Dawud 3855. Medicine (Kitab Al-Tibb). The Hadith 3846. Disponível em: https://sunnah.com/abudawud/29/1. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2021.
SUNAN Ibn Majah, 3544. Medicine, leprosy, hadith 3544. Disponível em: https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:3544. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2021.
SUNAN Ibn Majah, 509. The Book of Purification and its Sunnah. Hadith number 509. Disponível em: https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:509. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2021.
TABIK, M. T. et al. Conceptual Model of Religious and Spiritual Struggles in Iran: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, v. 14, n. 2, p. 85-90, 2020. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.30491/ijbs.2020.214074.1184
TEE, M.L. et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Journal of affective disorders, v. 277, p. 379-39, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043
THOMAS, J. et al. Psychosocial Correlates of Depression and Anxiety in the United Arab Emirates During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, v. 11, p. 1248, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564172
THOMAS, J.; BARBATO, M. Positive religious coping and mental health among Christians and Muslims in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Religions, v. 11, n. 10, p. 498, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11100498
USHER, K. et al. Life in the pandemic: social isolation and mental health, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15290
WANG, X. et al. Investigating mental health of US college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional survey study. Journal of medical Internet research, v. 22, n. 9, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/22817
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. The current COVID-19 situation. Data reported to WHO in the last 24 hours. Latest update: 20th June 2021, 07:26 am GMT-3. Disponível em: https://covid19.who.int/ on 20th June 2021. Acesso em: 20 set. 2021.
GOHAR, A.; CARVALHO, A. B.; BRANDÃO, C. F. Implicação do isolamento social na saúde mental durante a pandemia de Covid-19: um olhar sobre seu enfrentamento religioso e espiritual. Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. esp. 4, p. 2080-2093, dez. 2021. e-ISSN:1519-9029. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v25iesp.4.15941
IMPLICAÇÃO DO ISOLAMENTO SOCIAL NA SAÚDE MENTAL DURANTE A PANDEMIA DE COVID-19: UM OLHAR SOBRE SEU ENFRENTAMENTO RELIGIOSO E ESPIRITUAL
IMPLICACIÓN DEL AISLAMIENTO SOCIAL EN LA SALUD MENTAL DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19: UNA MIRADA A SU AFRONTAMIENTO RELIGIOSO Y ESPIRITUAL
Amna GOHAR1 Alonso Bezerra de CARVALHO2 Carlos da Fonseca BRANDÃO3
RESUMO: A China foi o centro da Covid-19, que rapidamente se espalhou por todo o mundo. O rápido surto de Covid-19 nos países asiáticos afetou gravemente a vida psicológica e social das pessoas, situação que tornou o enfrentamento espiritual e religioso uma abordagem eficaz para o relaxamento mental. O objetivo principal deste artigo é observar
como a questão foi abordada nos países asiáticos. Para tanto, foram selecionados diferentes estudos publicados em fontes digitais. É evidente nos textos que a Covid-19 teve um grande impacto na vida das pessoas. A maioria delas passou a sofrer de ansiedade, depressão, medo, estresse, solidão durante o isolamento, afetando a sua vida individual y social. O ponto positivo encontrado foi a espiritualidade teria contribuído para que as pessoas tivessem um relaxamento mental nas situações mais críticas da pandemia, reduzindo a ansiedade e a depressão e enfrentando as situações com mais fé e esperança no Criador.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Religiosidade. Espiritualidade. Psicologia humana. Vida social.
Covid-19.
RESUMEN: China fue el centro de la Covid-19, que se extendió rápidamente por todo el mundo. El rápido surto de Covid-19 en los países asiáticos ha afectado gravemente la vida psicológica y social de las personas, una situación que ha hecho del afrontamiento espiritual y religioso un enfoque eficaz para la relajación mental. El objetivo principal de este artículo es observar cómo se abordó el tema en los países asiáticos. Por ello, seleccionamos diferentes estudios publicados en fuentes digitales. Es evidente por los textos que el Covid-19 tuvo un gran impacto en la vida de las personas. La mayoría de ellas comenzó a sufrir ansiedad, depresión, miedo, estrés, soledad durante el aislamiento, afectando su vida individual y social. El punto positivo encontrado fue que la espiritualidad pasó a contribuir para que las personas tuvieran una relajación mental en las situaciones más críticas de la pandemia, reduciendo la ansiedad y la depresión y afrontando situaciones con más fe y esperanza en el Creador.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Religiosidad. Espiritualidad. Psicología humana. Vida social. Covid- 19.
In the 20th century the global population faced the most pandemic situation of Covid-
19. The invisible virus ended life of many people around all the countries. The unpredictable disease has blowout having no recovery treatment and any medicine. In which globally up to 178,118,597 confirmed cases of Covid-19 have been recorded, the death ratio is 3,864,180 and 103,552,567 people recovered successfully and now 2,412,226,768 vaccine doses have been administered. Currently in Asia total 54,583,340 coronavirus cases were recorded in which active cases are 1,856,413 whereas 769,514 was died and 51,957,413 are recovered from the disease (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 2021). The death ratio of Covid-19 patients is published on daily basis in increasing trend that effects individual psychologically and emotionally. It has a decisive impact on human psychology at all ages (CHEW et al., 2020). Similarly, Covid-19 outbreak increase the level of stress, anxiety, depression, fear about health and loved ones (WANG et al., 2020). In this scenario spirituality and religion
can be a good healer in societies. It can help people in time of crisis and bereavement to create positivity in emotions and wellbeing of people (ÖZVEREN; KIRCA, 2019). Through religious and spiritual coping individual can remove their stress and create mental relaxation peacefully.
In the psychological sphere, it is evident that traumatic stress disorder, loneliness and anger are increasing on daily basis after quarantine (BROOKS et al., 2020). Different types of Stress were faced by people during critical condition such as fear of disease, death, ambiguity, loss of social life, imprisonment, scarce evidence, contradictory instruction, loss of social activities, discontinuation from nature, aloneness, despair, low self-esteem, financial loss and hindrances to supplies of food and water (BROOKS et al., 2020). Covid-19 pandemic has major consequences on individual physical and mental health. These psychiatric consequences have short- and long-term effects which will cause depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia and post-traumatic stress (ROGERS et al., 2020).
Social distance and isolation are considered safety measures to reduce covid-19 outspread through which government can minimize health risk (USHER; BHULLAR; JACKSON, 2020). While social distancing has considered best safety measures to reduce health consequences on the other hand it has caused many issues such as job loss, lack of medical treatment and failing in mental health (ROGERS et al., 2020). Increasing stress during social isolation creates tough time for professional medical (BANERJEE, 2020). Mostly people become susceptible to negative thoughts, anxiety and fear that also increase in cases and deaths. The only best strategy in the current situation to reduce mental stress is digital technology through which an individual has access to contact family, attend online classes, virtual workplaces and the use of religious and spiritual beliefs (KOENIG, 2020).
Religion has a positive impact on mental health of individuals who have a strong belief. In Islam spirituality can be defined as a core theme which contains beliefs (In Allah and His prophets, the day of judgment, etc.), knowledge and doings of daily livings. Similarly, in Islam people are following the set of rituals and codes of conduct striving to become closer to Allah and to find purpose of sending in this world. So positive religious coping is positively correlated with life satisfaction and positive affect while negative religious coping is positively correlated with negative affect (HABIB; HUSSAIN; HABIB, 2020). The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "If you hear about the outbreak of plague and disease in a land, do not enter it; whereas if the plague breaks out in a place where you are living, do not leave that place” (Narrated by Saud-Sahih al-Bukhari, 5728). Aisha said “I asked Prophet (ﷺ) about the plague. He told me that it was a Punishment sent by Allah on whom he wished, and
Allah made it a source of mercy for the believers, for if one in the time of an epidemic plague stays in his country patiently hoping for Allah's Reward and believing that nothing will befall him except what Allah has written for him, he will get the reward of a martyr" (Sahih al- Bukhari, 3474). In another place the Holy prophet (PBUH) said, “Cleanliness is half of the emaan and emaan leads a man to heaven”. Abu Malik at-Ash'ari reported: Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said: “Cleanliness is half of faith that leads a man to heaven” (Sahih Muslim, 223). Muslims has a strong faith on Allah and those who have a strong faith they always respond sensibly to all trails of life. They are always encouraged to strive for medical treatment (Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). According to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) “Allah has not created any disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease that is old age” (Narrated Usamah ibn Sharik: Sunan Abi Dawud, 3855).
Muslims has optimal ways to prevent their selves from viral diseases by following rules and regulation of Islam. Such as ablution (wudhu’) an Islamic ritual that is performed before every prayer, five times a day. In which a person washes his mouth, nose, ears, face, hair, hands, ankles, forearms, and feet, each thrice. On the other hand, due to pandemic Muslim faced negative impacts upon religious practice in remarkable ways, which includes cancelling pilgrimages, Tablighi jamaat ijtemah (gathering) and disallowed festivals and celebrations involving group interactions. Somehow it suffers people mentally and socially.
Social isolation | When you heard about | According to Prophet |
plugue don’t go out from | (PBUH) | |
that land and don’t enter | (Narrated by Saud-Sahih | |
in a land where a plauge | al-Bukhari, 5728). | |
is breakout. | ||
Face and hand Hygene | Abolution 5 times a day | (Narrated by Anas bin |
for prayer. | Malik Sunan Ibn Majah, | |
The Messenger of Allah | 509) | |
used to perform ablution | ||
for every prayer. | ||
Avoid Greetings while | The Prophet (ﷺ) sent | Amr and his father said |
meetings | word to him: ‘Go back, | that in Sunan Ibn Majah |
for we have accepted | 3544 | |
your oath of allegiance | ||
No treatment | Allah has not made a | According to Prophet |
disease without | (PBUH) | |
appointing a remedy for | (Narrated Usamah ibn | |
it, with the exception of | Sharik- Sunan Abi | |
one disease, namely old | Dawud 3855). | |
age. |
Source: Prepared by the authors
This review paper drags out the positive coping of religiosity and spirituality in relation to human psyche and social life during pandemic. Further the paper analyzes the results of social isolation/lockdown on humans’ psyche. This paper comprises the review of related online articles from Asian countries randomly which measuring the above variables in the context of Covid-19. 19 articles were selected for review in total. It is concluded that spirituality helps out people in mental relaxation at times of crisis, epidemic situations and religious copings reduce mental health.
The total 19 articles from Asian countries randomly were included in this review. Researcher collect relevant articles for review, giving priority to the religious and spiritual studies available online and briefly summarizing the salient themes. Three broad themes were identified across the 19 publications, and were used to organize the review: religious and spiritual coping, impact of Covid-19 on human psyche, impact of COVID-19 on social life. The current article explores the impact of lockdown on individual mental and physical health it also expresses the consequences that effect individual health in different ways.
Human physical and mental health
Source: Prepared by the authors
In total six research articles were studies from different Asian countries in order to examined the psychological impact on human life during covid-19. Reviewed researches
showed that covid-19 has a significant psychological impact on general and also on medical staff human psyche in remarkable ways. It is also noted that female has a high level of anxiety than male. (CUI et al., 2020; ALKHAMEES et al., 2020; TEE et al., 2020; SALMAN et al., 2020; GROVER et al., 2020; THOMAS et al., 2020). Their results are summarized in the Table below (Table 2).
the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Perceived Stress Scale-14 and Simple Coping Style Questionnaire.
psychological impact and
mental health status using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the Depression, Anxiety, and
Stress Scale (DASS-21).
Cross sectional survey
online-based survey
Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation of the anxiety with stress score (r=0.443, P<
0.001) and stress (r=- 0.503, P< 0.001).
results showed that nearly one- fourth of the sampled general population experienced moderate to severe psychological impact.
Cui, et al., 2020
Alkhamees et al., 2020
population
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and
the Impact of Events Scale- Revised (IES-R) ratings.
online surveys Results showed
one-fourth of respondents reported moderate-to- severe anxiety and one-sixth reported moderate-to- severe depression and psychological impact.
Tee et al., 2020
workers
Generalized anxiety scale (GAD-7), patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Brief-COPE
web-based, cross-sectional
Females had significantly higher anxiety (p = 0.003) and depression (p = 0.001) scores than males.
Salman et al., 2020
Public
perceived stress scale, Patient
Online survey 40.5% of the
participants had
Grover et al., 2020
Adults’
residents
Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Warwick- Edinburgh Mental Well- being Scale
PHQ-8
items, GAD-
7items, Brief RECO PE-14
items
either anxiety or depression. Moderate level of stress was reported by about three- fourth (74.1%) of the
participants and 71.7% reported poor well- being.
Online survey Covid-19 has
impact on individual mental health that cause psychological disorders
Thomas et al., 2020
Source: Prepared by the authors
In total eight research articles were studies from different Asian countries in order to examined the religious and spiritual coping during covid-19 pandemic. Related literature show that religion has an important role in reducing stress and anxiety. Religion and spirituality are considered the way to heal individual in difficult situations. They play significant role to remain positive in these days and motivates people towards positivity. According to these religious and spiritual studies Muslims remain more positive due to religious guidance. (MAHMOOD et al., 2021; CHOW et al., 2021; JÚNIOR et al., 2020; RABABA et el., 2020; THOMAS; BARBATO, 2020; TABIK et al., 2020; MAHAMID;
BDIER, 2021; DURMUŞ; DURAR, 2021). Their results are summarized in the Table below (Table 3).
Country or region | Research Population | Research Instrument | Research Methodology | Results | Reference | |
Pakistan | Muslims | Online survey | Cross-Sectional survey | Religion spirituality considered significant | and healer to | Mahmood et al., 2021 |
health workers
(Brief RCOPE M) and (HADS M)
Cross-sectional study
reduce anxiety Positive religious coping is vital in reducing anxiety and depression.
Chow et al., 2021
General
Review Review shows that Spirituality is a common way that
Júnior et al., 2020
Religious Coping scale
Arabic scale of death anxiety.
people cope with illnesses and stress
Descriptive study Death anxiety is
inversely correlated with religious copings and spiritual well- being.
Rababa et el., 2020
Muslims and Christians
Questionnaire Online survey Muslims (N = 339)
reported significantly higher levels of positive religious coping compared to their Christian counterparts (N = 204).
Thomas
and Barbato, (2020)
phenomenological interview
Qualitative study Spiritual/religious
copings are strongly correlated with mental health and well-being.
Tabik et al., 2020
coping was assessed by the IPRC,
Depression Scale (CES-D-10),
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
Scale (FACIT-Sp)
and Coronavirus Phobia Scale (C19P- S)
Source: Prepared by the authors
Cross sectional study
Cross-sectional and correlational design
Results revealed that positive religious coping was positively related to quality of life and lack of stress
Moderate level correlation between spiritual well-being and coronavirus fear in individuals
Mahamid, and Bdier, 2021
Durmuş and
Durar, 2021
In total five research articles were studies from different Asian countries in order to examined the impact of covid-19 on social life during covid-19 pandemic. Related literature show that lockdown and isolation are the main reason of increasing stress and anxiety. Due to isolation a lot of people suffered from anxiety. It has a great impact on students’ social life and mental abilities. Home quarantine and loneliness increase level of depression in young people. Also, social skills of students were affected due to less communication and no interaction. Majority of students were suppressed in their home in isolation and loneliness. That also effect their educational activities and studies in notable ways. Lockdown and quarantine were considered temporary solution for covid-19 which has a permanent effect on human psyche (ALFAWAZ et al., 2020; BHAT et al., 2020; CHATURVEDI et al., 2020; GAN et al., 2020; KILINÇEL et al., 2020). Their results are summarized in the Table below (Table 4).
Country or region | Research Population | Research Instrument | Research Methodology | Results | Reference | |
Saudi | Students | Questionnaire | Cross | Most | of the | Alfawaz et |
sectional online
Survey
respondents reports sufferings from anxiety, depression and
al., 2020
insomnia during lockdown.
Questionnaire Online survey Lockdown is a
temporary solution for Covid that cause social and
psychological problems
Bhat et al., 2020
interaction effects learning and social skills.
Chaturvedi et al., 2020
Questionnaire Online Quarantine increases stress among
Gan et al., 2020
during pandemic causes anxiety and loneliness in young people
Kılınçel et
al., (2020)
Source: Prepared by the authors
In the 20th century pandemic creates a negative impact on physical and mental health of the people throughout world. It was very hard for every individual in the world because the invisible disease spread-out all over the world in few months. It causes great psychological impact of on human social life, physical and mental health. It has a substantial psychological impact on general and professional medical staff human psyche in notable ways. Pandemic was the main reason of high level of stress, anxiety, fear, trauma and depression among students and all workers. To handle stress and anxiety everyone has required support from others and helped themselves by adopting coping mechanisms. Social distancing and quarantine Covid-19 increase depression and mental health problems in world population. It is sightseeing that social isolation and quarantine has effect on mental health. That sufferings of anxiety, depression and insomnia are reported by majority of the participants during lockdown. Human beings are social beings, reduce social interactions can create mental health problems. While other factors such as social interaction, routine changes and economic losses are reduced which led to psychological and emotional impact, and ultimately decrease self-
worth. There is a link between better mental health and religious copings when facing with stressful situations. Where religious copings were inversely related with a history of psychological illness. Positive coping of religion helps an individual to deal with anxiety and anxious feelings. Religious copings and trust in God, strongly correlated with less stress and vice versa. Religious and Spiritual copings are related to mental health consequences and predicts a faster remission from mental health problems. For that reason, it must be a part to use in clinicians for psychotherapy or treating clients. It may help to speed the resolution, specifically in time of pandemic or hazards. It might increase access to therapy for many individuals who consider Religious/spiritual important in their lives.
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TEE, M.L. et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Journal of affective disorders, v. 277, p. 379-39, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043
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GOHAR, A.; CARVALHO, A. B.; BRANDÃO, C. Fonseca Implication of social isolation on mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: a look at its religious and spiritual coping. Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 25, n. esp. 4, p. 2073- 2085, Dec. 2021. e-ISSN:1519-9029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v25iesp.4.15941