Pierre André Garcia PIRES, Pelegrino Santos VERÇOSA and Andrea Maria Lopes DANTAS.
RPGE – Política e Gestão Educacional, Araraquara, v. 27, n. 00, e023053, 2023. e-ISSN: 1519-9029
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v27i00.18456 7
historical regime has ever fully adhered to all the rules; therefore, it is permissible to speak of
more or less democratic regimes" (BOBBIO, 1998, p. 326, our translation).
In this perspective, these rules are expected to characterize a regime as "democratic."
If there is no popular participation in formulating such laws and norms, the State becomes
autocratic, where power is never subject to disputes, and the people are never called upon to
make decisions. In this regard, Bobbio (1998) emphasizes the importance of the rules of
democracy so that they can be integrated into a democratic process, which includes:
1) The highest political body, to which the legislative function is assigned,
must be composed of members directly or indirectly elected by the people, in
first or second-degree elections; 2) Alongside the supreme legislative body,
there should be other institutions with elected leaders, such as local
administration bodies or the head of state (as is the case in republics); 3) All
citizens who have reached the age of majority, without distinction of race,
religion, property, and possibly sex, should be voters; 4) All voters must
have equal suffrage; 5) All voters must be free to vote according to their own
opinion, formed as freely as possible, in an election free from political
parties competing to create a national representation; 6) They must also be
accessible in the sense that they must be given the opportunity to have
natural alternatives (which excludes as democratic any election with a single
or blocked list); 7) Both for the list of representatives and for the decisions
of the supreme political body, the principle of numerical majority applies,
although various forms of majority can be established according to criteria of
opportunity not defined once and for all; 8) No decision taken by a majority
should limit the rights of the minority, especially the right to become a
majority, on equal terms; 9) The government body must enjoy the confidence
of the Parliament or the head of the executive power, in turn, elected by the
people (BOBBIO, 1998, p. 326, our translation).
Pereira (2012), in his article on Norberto Bobbio's democratic conception, describes
that:
Democracy, as a form of government based on popular sovereignty, is a
constantly evolving process, hence the need to establish criteria to define the
exercise of political power. Therefore, it is the responsibility of democratic
regimes to refine their methods in defense of the "rules of the game"
(PEREIRA, 2012, p. 55, our translation).
These rules establish conditions for individuals to have criteria for participation and
make decisions that often align with the people's aspirations. "[...] Democracy has come to be
understood as a method or a set of procedural rules for the constitution of government and the
formation of political decisions" (i.e., decisions that affect the entire community) rather than a
specific ideology (BOBBIO, 1998, p. 326, our translation).