Guilherme Ferreira DEFINA
Rev. Sem Aspas, Araraquara, v. 12, n. 00, e023007, 2023. e-ISSN: 2358-4238
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29373/sas.v12i00.16894 11
Very energetic causes determined the isolation and preservation of the
indigenous people. Let's highlight them. [...] First, they were the large land
grants, defining the most enduring features of our petty feudalism. [...] The
February 7, 1701, royal charter was then a supplementary measure of that
isolation. It forbade, imposing severe penalties on offenders, any
communications from that part of the backlands with the south, with the mines
of São Paulo. Commercial relations were not tolerated; even the simplest
product exchanges were banned. [...] Moreover, considering the genesis of the
sertanejo in the far north, another reason stands out: the physical environment
of the backlands across the vast territory that extends from the bed of the Vaza-
Barris to the Parnaíba in the west" (CUNHA, 1984, our translation).
As a sociologist, Euclides da Cunha highlights not only the anthropological
consequences but also the social effects of the phenomenon. One of the consequences of social
evolution concerns the dissemination and integration of cultural elements and values of a
dominant group over a group it subdues. The author illustrates this phenomenon through the
description of the cultural autonomy of the Northeastern caboclo:
Pressured by a harsh environment, isolated from civilization by the desert, by
the property regime, by metropolitan politics; isolated from his fellow man by
low population density, he turned in on himself and crafted, with the meager
resources available to him, the bare essentials for survival. The sertões
describe their leather clothing, a kind of armor; they describe the few items
they produce – the caroá net, the hunting bag, the crude saddle, the lead-filled
club; they describe what they received from the coast – a sickle, a pointed
knife, a rifle, a blunderbuss, spurs; they talk about their barbaric diet, the
Amerindian passoca; the chest and the two or three stools that furnish their
fragile house. There is the inventory of material culture. In terms of spiritual
culture, there's a Catholicism adapted to the environment, mixed with
fetishism, consisting of propitiatory rites – the most necessary for those who
struggle against drought – and even creating their own saint, a professional
saint: São Campeiro" (CÂNDIDO, 2012, p. 31, our translation).
Because it is a culture primarily born from ethnic and racial segregation, it cannot evolve
precisely for that reason. The sertanejo adapted to the environment by establishing and adhering
to the minimum he created for his adaptation, while coastal populations, distant, are years
ahead. This is a case that applies to the concept of cultural lag, coined by American sociologist
William Fielding Ogburn to explain conflicts resulting from processes of social change. Indeed,
when "a culture in a state of lag" (CÂNDIDO, 2012, p. 31) clashes with the standards of a
fundamentally urban culture seen as advanced, it is natural that from a sociological perspective,
one can expect a situation of antagonism where one side fights to preserve its values, and the
other to superimpose its values on the other. Frequently, the outcome is a change in the