The integral formation of the human: A perspective according to Kerschensteiner
Rev. Sem Aspas, Araraquara, v. 12, n. 00, e023013, 2023. e-ISSN: 2358-4238
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29373/sas.v12i00.17645 12
typical ideal of forming a specific student. Here lies the subtlest personality
of the educator, a peculiarity that can never exist in perfect and total form in
a man; I want to call it the capacity for personality diagnosis.
[...]
Interest in the future human, the mentioned tendency to maintain contact
with youth, excellent sensitivity, pedagogical tact—all these gathered
peculiarities do not pretend to guarantee to fulfill the last condition,
although, through them, it is extraordinarily facilitated
(KERSCHENSTEINER, 1927, p. 59-61, our translation).
The educator needs an innate gift of observation, intuition, and acuteness for the
complete formation of individuals. Regarding this formation, we return to the civic and
professional aspects. Theoretical knowledge is only valid as a formative value linked to
practical and manual teaching. Kerschensteiner advocated for popular education methods and
sought to educate the masses suffering from the phenomenon of industrialization. For
Kerschensteiner, the school should be the workshop of the mind, advocating that the school of
books should be the school of activity, with workshops, kitchens, gardens, stables, and fishing
parks, among others (KERSCHENSTEINER, 1912, p. 106 apud RÖHRS, 2010, p. 21). His
goal was an organic combination of theory and practice, that is, a return to the defense of the
formation of the complete human.
In summary, this innovative perspective represented a reformulation of the school's
foundations, aiming to adopt a criterion that made it simultaneously professional, focused on
work, propaedeutic, and civic. Thus, the school as the mind workshop would be the
professional sphere that the educator's role would combine with the civic status. However, for
this success, the formation required effort and pedagogical involvement from the young. An
effort for teaching, to learn to relate, and from this
The essence of sympathy and the emotional foundation of every pedagogical
act is involvement. Involvement means living in another. Therefore, it is not
possible to achieve the realization of values in others without having
achieved them beforehand in ourselves, and, in return, when we want to
carry out the realization in ourselves, it will not be necessary to call others to
pedagogical activity (KERSCHENSTEINER, 1927, p. 16-18, our
translation).
Teaching demands a practical approach to exploring the concrete realities of the world
to contribute to the formation of the character and personality of an individual integrated into
society. For this formation, effort is required to learn, work in gardens and fishing grounds,
and acquire theoretical knowledge simultaneously. For full development, it was necessary,
along with effort, to have involvement, such as social otherness or pedagogical tact, that