
Antonio Gramsci, political thinker on education
Rev. Sem Aspas, Araraquara, v. 14, n. 00, e025004, 2025. e-ISSN: 2358-4238
DOI: 10.29373/sas.v14i00.20559 10
At the same time, Gramsci does not deny the value of certain aspects of these
pedagogies, which were highly influential in the early twentieth century, as they often promote
collective effort and collaboration and foster a genuine passion for knowledge among students.
From this standpoint, an active school along New School lines could be more
appropriately employed at the final stage of schooling, rather than in early childhood education.
The final phase of basic education, within the unitary school,
[…] should be conceived and organized as the decisive phase, in which one
seeks to create the fundamental values of “humanism,” intellectual self-
discipline, and the moral autonomy necessary for subsequent specialization,
whether of a scientific nature (university studies) or of an immediately
practical-productive nature (industry, bureaucracy, commerce, etc.) (Gramsci,
2011, p. 217–218, our translation).
In terms of teaching methods, this translates, in the more advanced years of the unitary
school, into the proposal of holding seminars and, in everyday practice, encouraging students
who have greater mastery of a given subject to support their peers, so that the school collective
may advance in learning (Martins, 2021, p. 13, our translation). It is at this stage—more suitable
for New School methods—that “the fundamental school activity will develop […] in libraries
and experimental laboratories; it is here that organic indications for vocational orientation will
be chosen” (Gramsci, 2010, p. 112, our translation).
Gramsci thus distinguishes at least two phases of basic education:
In the first phase, the aim is to discipline, and therefore also to level, to obtain
a certain kind of ‘conformism’ that may be called ‘dynamic’; in the creative
phase, on the basis already achieved of the ‘collectivization’ of the social type,
the aim is to expand the personality, rendered autonomous and responsible,
but with a solid and homogeneous moral and social consciousness. Thus, a
creative school does not mean a school of ‘inventors and discoverers’; it
indicates a phase, a method of investigation and knowledge, and not a
predetermined ‘program’ that forces innovation and originality at all costs
(Gramsci, 2010, p. 111–112, our translation).
Given his expanded concept of the intellectual, Gramsci also cannot conceive education,
in the strong sense of the term, as being strictly confined to the school space. Education also
takes place in extra-school contexts. He highlights the importance, for modern popular culture,
of community public libraries, as well as the provision—understood as a public service rather
than a commodity—of access to theaters, museums, zoos, gardens, and similar institutions.
Access to these goods and services is also formative for the working class, just as access to