O espaço social da dúvida
Negacionismo, ceticismo e a construção do conhecimento
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.52780/res.v28iesp.1.17300Mots-clés :
Negacionismo, Ceticismo, Dúvida, Epistemologia, ConstrutivismoRésumé
A première vue, on pourrait penser que toute restriction au doute est contraire à la progression des connaissances et antidémocratique. Cet argument est utilisé par différentes saveurs de négationnisme, du déni du réchauffement climatique anthropique au mouvement anti-vaccination. Malgré la plausibilité initiale de cette position, l'examen du fonctionnement des doutes nous montre qu'il existe des exigences épistémiques de légitimité du doute qui ne sont pas satisfaites par les négationnismes. Une conséquence de cet argument est que la normativité épistémique n'est pas absorbée par la normativité politique. La spécificité de la normativité épistémique, qui explique pourquoi le doute des négationnistes n'est pas légitime, disparaît dans les théories constructivistes. Les thèses constructivistes résultent d'une confusion entre le fait que les théories sont des constructions sociales et la thèse selon laquelle elles construisent les faits sur lesquels repose la théorie elle-même. La légitimité du doute dépend de connaissances spécialisées et passe par des processus de filtrage social. Les filtres épistémiques socialement construits reflètent un fait profond de l'évolution de la culture humaine, la production cumulative, sociale et asymétrique de connaissances.
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