The African football in Europe: Portugal and France’s cases as migratory destination of their former colonies’ players
Keywords:
Football (soccer), Post-colonialism, Africa, Assimilationism, Migration,Abstract
One of the characteristics of the African Diaspora is the voluntary movement of people to new regions, where there is usually a demand for specific labor. As football is one of the most specific occupations in the world, and given the increasing amount of African players working in the major centers of football, we have decided to make a brief research to assess this relation between Diaspora and football. In this way, we chose two countries that have an extensive football immigrant community. We refer to the cases of Portugal and France, countries that have adopted the assimilationism, which have had a large set of territories, mainly in Africa, and who profit from the ex-colonies’ labor. This article, based on a scientific literature on the subject and quanti-qualitative data, is intended to show the colonial and neocolonial uses of football undertaken by these countries and to draw a corresponding historical trajectory for such use.
Downloads
References
ANDERSON, Benedict. Comunidades imaginadas: reflexões sobre a origem e a difusão do nacionalismo. 2.ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2008.
ARMSTRONG, Gary. The migration of the Black Panther: an interview with Eusébio of Mozambique and Portugal. In: ARMSTRONG, Gary; GIULIANOTTI, Richard (Orgs.). Football in Africa: conflict, conciliation and community. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. p. 247-268.
BALE, John. Three geographies of African footballer migration: patterns, problems and postcoloniality. In: ARMSTRONG, Gary; GIULIANOTTI, Richard (Orgs.). Football in Africa: conflict, conciliation and community. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. p. 229-246.
BARREAUD, Marc. Dictionnaire des footballeurs étrangers du championnat professionel français (1932-1997). Paris : l’Harmattan, 1997.
BHABHA, Homi K. O local da cultura. 5.ed. Belo Horizonte: Ed. UFMG, 2007.
BOLI, Claude. La perception des joueurs africains en France : projection et imaginaire colonial. Hommes et migrations – Revue française de référence sur le dynamiques migratoires, Paris, s/v., n. 1285, p. 124-132, 2010a. Disponível em : <http://hommesmigrations.revues.org/pdf/1188>. Acesso em: 26 nov 2016.
BOLI, Claude. Les footballeurs noirs africains en France: des années cinquante à nos jours. Hommes et migrations – Revue française de référence sur le dynamiques migratoires, Paris, s/v., n. 1285, p. 14-30, 2010b. Disponível em: <http://hommesmigrations.revues.org/pdf/1173>. Acesso em: 26 nov 2016.
CLEVELAND, Todd. Following the ball: African soccer players, labor strategies and emigration across the Portuguese colonial empire, 1949-1975. Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, Lisboa, n. 26, p. 15-41, dez. 2013. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1645-37942013000200002&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 04 jan. 2017.
DARBY, Paul. Migração para Portugal de jogadores de futebol africanos: recurso colonial e neocolonial. Análise Social, Lisboa, v. 41, n. 179, p. 417-433, 2006. Disponível em: <http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1218721687I4bIK7nc2Cd19RE4.pdf>. Acesso em: 10 nov 2016.
DOMINGOS, Nuno. Futebol e colonialismo, dominação e apropriação: sobre o caso moçambicano. Análise Social, Lisboa, v. 41, n. 179, p. 397-416, 2006. Disponível em: <http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1218721655B5jHL2dx8Yi23BI5.pdf>. Acesso em : 10 nov 2016.
FALL, Babacar. Le travail force en Afrique occidentale française (1900-1946). Civilisations, Bruxelas, s/v., n. 41, p. 1-5, 1993. Disponível em <http://civilisations.revues.org/pdf/1717>. Acesso em 26 nov 2016.
FATHI, Adel. Le Code de l’indigenat ou l’art de la répression. Mémoria, Argel, 26 mai 2013. Disponível em: <https://www.memoria.dz/mai-2013/grandes-dates/le-code-l-indig-nat-ou-l-art-la-r-pression>. Acesso em: 27 ago 2017.
FERREIRA, José Carlos N.; VEIGA, Vasco Soares da. Estatuto dos indígenas portugueses das províncias da Guiné, Angola e Moçambique. 2. ed. Lisboa: s.n., 1957.
HARRIS, Nick. Premier League wages dwarf those around Europe with top-flight players in England earning an average of £2.3million a year... almost 60 per cent more than in Germany. Daily Mail, Londres, 14 nov 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2833020/Premier-League-wages-dwarf-Europe-flight-players-England-earning-average-2-3million-year.html>. Acesso em: 24 dez 2016.
HOBSBAWM, Eric J. Nações e nacionalismo desde 1780: programa, mito e realidade. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e terra, 2011.
JACQUES, Juliet. Diagne and the racial politics of Les Bleus. In bed with Maradona, 14 nov 2010. Disponível em: <http://inbedwithmaradona.com/journal/2010/11/14/diagne-and-the-racial-politics-of-les-bleus.html>. Acesso em: 15 jul 2014.
MENESES, Maria Paula G. O ‘indígena’ africano e o colono ‘europeu’: a construção da diferença por processos legais. E-cadernos CES, Coimbra, s/v, n. 07, p. 68-93, 2010. Disponível em <https://eces.revues.org/pdf/403>. Acesso em 14 nov 2016.
MERLE, Isabelle. De la « légalisation » de la violence en contexte colonial: le régime de l’indigénat en question. Politix, Paris, v. 17, n. 66, p. 137-162, 2004. Disponível em: <http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/polix_0295-2319_2004_num_17_66_1019.pdf>. Acesso em: 13 nov 2016.
MORIER-GENOUD, Eric; CAHEN, Michel. Introduction: Portugal, empire, and migrations – Was there ever an autonomous social imperial space? In: ______ (Orgs.). Imperial migrations: colonial communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese world. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. p. 1-28.
NOLASCO, Carlos. Entre a defesa e o ataque, os imigrantes do futebol português. In: CONGRESSO PORTUGUÊS DE SOCIOLOGIA, 7., 2012, Porto. Atas... Lisboa: Associação Portuguesa de Sociologia, 2012. p. 1-13. Disponível em <http://www.aps.pt/vii_congresso/papers/finais/PAP0775_ed.pdf>. Acesso em 10 nov 2016.
RIBEIRO, Margarida Calafate. Uma história de regressos: império, guerra colonial e pós-colonialismo. Oficina do CES, Coimbra, s/v, n. 188, p. 1-40, 2003. Disponível em <http://www.ces.uc.pt/publicacoes/oficina/ficheiros/188.pdf>. Acesso em 11 nov 2016.
SCHWARCZ, Lilia M. Imaginar é difícil (porém necessário). In: ANDERSON, Benedict. Comunidades imaginadas: reflexões sobre a origem e a difusão do nacionalismo. 2.ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2008. p. 9-17.
SPORT LISBOA E BENFICA (Portugal) (Ed.). Avançados. Disponível em: <http://www.slbenfica.pt/SLB/Historia/GrandesJogadores/Avancados/tabid/309/mid/1456/dnnprintmode/true/language/pt-PT/Default.aspx?SkinSrc=[G]Skins%2F_default%2FNo+Skin&ContainerSrc=[G]Containers%2F_default%2FNo+Container>. Acesso em: 31 jul 2014.
TOVAR, Rui Miguel. Espírito Santo, o primeiro negro na selecção portuguesa. Jornal I, Lisboa, 21 mar 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.ionline.pt/artigos/111812-espirito-santo-o-primeiro-negro-na-seleccao-portuguesa>. Acesso em: 15 jul 2014.
VASILI, Phil. Exploding into maturity: the Seventies and the Eighties. In: VASILI, Phil. Colouring over the white line: the history of black footballers in Britain. Edimburgo: Mainstream Publishing Co., 2000.
VIDACS, Bea. France in the Cameroonian football imagination. In: ARMSTRONG, Gary; GIULIANOTTI, Richard (Orgs.). Football in Africa: conflict, conciliation and community. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. p. 169-182.
